Green 4: Blood Information

Green 4: Blood Information

Monocytes

By Libby Walker, Zac Kittell, Kelsea Dreczko

What Is It?

• The largest leukocyte: 13μ to 25μ in diameter
• Mononuclear, phagocytic leukocyte

• Their nucleus is large and kidney-shaped
• Live for several weeks or months

How is it Formed?

• Formed in the bone marrow from a multipotent stem cell through stimulation by interleukin.
• Interleukin-peptides released by activated monocytes and lymphocytes that assist in the coordination of the cellular and humoral immune responses
• A myeloid stem cell from a multipotent cell breaks into four different cells
• One of these cells formed is a monoblast
• The monoblast will then develop into a monocyte
• Transported to liver, lungs, etc. where they change into macrophage

What Does it Do?

• It eats bacteria, dead cells, and other debris in the tissues (phagocytosis)
• The lysosomes then decompose the material
• On average it makes up 3%-8% of the blood.

Neutrophils

By: Liz, Chan, and Quinn

• In a blood sample, 40-70% would be neutrophils

Formation:

• multipotent stem cells in red bone marrow divide to produce specific stem cells.
• The stem cells produce the myeloid stem cells.
• Early differentiation separates myeloid stem cells from the lymphatic stem cells.
• From here, the myeloid breaks into many categories. Thes include: erythroblasts, megakaryoblasts, monoblasts, and myeoblasts.
• The myeoblasts then make three more which transform into basopils, eosinophils, and neutrophils (These are classified as granular leukocytes).
• The granules are more visible in the cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus.
• These granules contain enzymes and proteins.
• Neutrophils are the most abundant of the WBCs multilobed nucleus joined by nuclear threads. Therefore it is called polymorphonuclear.
• Bone marrow produces 100 billion a day. (MITOSIS).
• Chemicals from breaking down neutrophils signal others to come to the affected area as well as to make more neutrophils.

Form and Function:

• phagocytize (taking in bacteria and or debris by engulfing) pathogens- they die after doing so (First to respond to an infection).
• Only live for a few hours, so 100 billion are produced daily.
• When broken down they release chemicals to signal others to go to the affected area.

Eosinophils (granulocyte)

By: Jessica Morehouse

1-4% of blood in body

• Lessens allergic reactions and increases in the event of a parasitic worm infection
• High levels of eosinophils may indicate an allergic reaction occurring in the body

Formation:

• Formed in the bone marrow: takes 8 days to mature, travels through blood vessels for 8-12 hours before arriving at target tissues (where they can survive for 1-2 weeks)
• Hematopoiesis: stem cells  myeloid stem cells  myeloblasts  eosinophils
• Regulated by the release of chemokines and leuktrienes

Form follows function:

• Large size (3 times size of RBC) allows for storage of more granules
• Cytoplasm filled w/ many granules holds toxic enzymes and proteins to destroy antigens
• Bilobed nucleus  increases surface area of nucleus which allows for more RNA molecules to pass through  faster mitosis

Thrombocyte

By: Axel Stallman, Kusema Warrakah

Where It Is Formed:

• Thrombocytes are blood platelets. These platelets originate from cells called megakaryocytes in bone marrrow.

How It Is Formed:

• Megakaryocytes develop into giant cells, they undergo a process of fragmentation that results in the release of over 1,000 platelets per megakaryocyte.

What Regulates It

• When most connective tissue tears platelet plugs and blood clots form.
• The most dominant hormone that controls megakaryocyte development is thrombopoietin (TPO).
• Thrombopoietin is produced in the liver.

Form:

• Smallest cell.
• Life expectancy is about 4-5 days.
• Cell fragment.
• Small – Two to four micrometers in diameter
• Contains granules (small particles)
• No nuclei.
• Blood clots and platelet plugs are different, platelet plugs are much smaller.

Function:

• Forms platelet plugs (platelets stick together to form a temporary seal to cover the break in the vessel wall).
• Releases chemicals necessary for blood clotting.
• Can’t make any new chemicals as a platelet.

Differentiates

• Does not carry any nutrients or materials.
• Percentages (approximate)
• 250-400 thousand platelets per cubic milimeter.
• 6% of formed elements in blood.
• 2.7% of blood.
• 0.216% of all fluids and tissues in the body.

T Lymphocytes

By Chris Nutting, Becca Jurovich, Faith Carter

Formation:

• The T cells start out in the red bone marrow of bones and then turns into Lymphatic stem cells.
• Then the stem cells move to the cortex of the Thymus.
• The stem cells turn into Haematopic stem cells and then go through the process of Positive Selection and Negative Selection. If they do not pass either of these, they die, but only 2% live if they fail.

Types:

• Killer- these cells have antigen receptors that bind to infected cells, killing the virus by secreting molecules
• Helper- specific antigen receptors that bind to infected cells, sends chemical signals to kill
• Regulatory- suppress immune responses and prevent audio immune diseases by maintaining self tolerance

Composition Percentage in Blood:

• The percentage of lymphocytes in the blood is 25-33%
• This is the percentage in the white blood cells alone.

Erythrocytes
(Red Blood Cell)

By Kelli McGinn & Krystal Colasante

Where are RBCs formed?:

• Erythropoiesis is the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow. Multipotent stem cells in red bone marrow divide to produce specific stem cells.
• Myeloid stem cells differentiate from lymphatic stem cells. The myeloid stem cell is introduced to the hormone erythropoietin (EPO)
• Through the process mitosis, stem cells give rise to erythroblasts (child years)
• Erythroblasts then form reticulocytes (Teenage years)
• Reticulocytes then lose their nuclei and turn into a mature erythrocyte (Adult years).

Form Follows Function:

• The main function of red blood cells is to transport oxygen through the bloodstream to the rest of the body.
• In order to carry as much oxygen as possible, all other organelles in the red blood cells have been shed.
• Red blood cells differ from other body cells because they do not have a nucleus. This allows for more room within the red blood cells to carry hemoglobin.
• Hemoglobin is a protein that contains iron that binds to oxygen and helps transport it through the blood.
• In order to hold as much oxygen as possible, red blood cells are shaped like dimpled disks (biconcave disks), which increases surface area to volume ratio.
• This makes them ideal for gaseous exchange. The red blood cells produce energy through anerobic respiration, which doesn't use the oxygen that must be transported to the rest of the body.
• The flexible biconcave disk shape prevents cells from getting lodged within vessels and makes it easier for RBC's to flow through the bloodstream.
• A RBC count is the number of red blood cells per volume of blood, and is reported in either millions in a microliter or millions in a liter of blood.
• The ranges for a normal RBC count (expressed in million red cells per microliter {uL} of blood) are:
• Newborns: 4.8 - 7.2 million
• Adults: (males): 4.6 - 6.0 million
• (Females): 4.2-5.0 million
• Pregnancy: slightly lower than normal adult values
• Children: 3.8 – 5.5 million

Monocytes

By Libby Walker, Zac Kittell, Kelsea Dreczko

What Is It?:

• The largest leukocyte: 13μ to 25μ in diameter
• Mononuclear, phagocytic leukocyte
• Their nucleus is large and kidney-shaped
• Live for several weeks or months

How is it Formed?:

• Formed in the bone marrow from a multipotent stem cell through stimulation by interleukin.
• Interleukin-peptides released by activated monocytes and lymphocytes that assist in the coordination of the cellular and humoral immune responses
• A myeloid stem cell from a multipotent cell breaks into four different cells
• One of these cells formed is a monoblast
• The monoblast will then develop into a monocyte
• Transported to liver, lungs, etc. where they change into macrophage

What Does it Do?:

• It eats bacteria, dead cells, and other debris in the tissues (phagocytosis)
• The lysosomes then decompose the material
• On average it makes up 3%-8% of the blood.

Large Cell: To wrap around the bacteria: The cell can then easily wrap around all of the bacteria and debris to break it down and kill it.

Large Nucleus: lysosomes: The nucleus contains more DNA which allows for the increased production of necessary lysosomes

Many Lysosomes: phagocytosis: The cell can decompose all of the debris it takes in.

B lymphocytes

By: Mark Coppa

How are they formed:

• They start as stem cells in the bone marrow, Then they turn into lymphatic stem cells, then the turn into lympho blasts, then they turn into B Lymphocytes
• When they attack pathogens or die they release a chemical that signals the red bone marrow to make more.

Form and function:

• Function- when it encounters certain antigens it divides many times and turns into plasma cells. The plasma cells mass produce antibodies ridding the body of harmful bacteria.
• A large shape changing cell so it can pass through arteries easily and divide multiple times.

Percentage composition within blood:

• 20 to 45 percent

Basophils

By: Haley + Anna

Basophils

• White blood cells
• Increase in amount during infection or when there are high estrogen levels
• It is a Granulocyte type white blood cell
• Granulocytes contain granules which are small portions of the cell body
• Account for less than 1% of the leukocyte population
• Account for even less of a percentage for blood as a whole

Functions of basophils:

• Respond to infections by releasing histamine and heparin
• Respond to allergens
• Causes inflammation in the body

Making of Basophil:

• Starts within the red bone marrow as a multi potent stem cell (undergoes mitosis)
• Then it becomes a myeloid stem cell (undergoes mitosis again)
• Then it will turn into a myeloblast
• Then it becomes a basophil