Name:______Period:______
- Specialized cells
The human body is made of many specialized cells that perform specific functions. Specialized cells arise from the differentiation of unspecialized cells during embryological development. Unspecialized cells are called STEM cells that have the ability to reproduce and differentiate into a diverse range of specialized cells that make up the organism. This is determined by the DNA, which holds the genetic code and controls what a cell turns into.
Learning check:
1.What are stem cells?
2.What makes stem cells special?
3.What are some of the types of cells that stem cells can differentiate into?
Unlike animals, many plant cells retain the ability to differentiate and specialize throughout their life. These cells are found in tissues called meristemslocated in tips of roots and stems.Meristem cells can become parts of stems, leaves, roots, and flowers.
Learning check:
What type of plant cell is able to differentiate into other cell types?
Types of animal and plant specialized cells
Image / Type of Cell / Found in / Function/ B red blood cell / Blood / Contains hemoglobin, a red pigment (protein) that carries oxygen. Carries oxygen from the lungs to the cells in the body and carbon dioxide from the cells back to the lungs to be exhaled.
Does not have a nucleus, so there is more space to carry oxygen.
/ White Blood Cell (WBC) – also called leukocytes / Blood / Protect the body against (fight) infectious diseases and foreign invaders.
/ Muscle cell / Heart
Skeletal muscles
Stomach / Long and stretchy
Arranged in bundles called muscle fibers.
Can contract witch makes the fibers shorter and causebones to move.
/ Neuron (Nerve cell) / Brain / Communication - carry nerve impulses around the body – to and from the brain.
Receive, process and transmit information.
Nerve impulse is an electrical message (signal).
/ Epithelial cell
(Epithelium)
Ex. Cheek cells in a mouth / Intestine
Lungs
Skin / Cover and protectsurfaces inside and outside the body. Protect from mechanical injuries, harmful chemicals, loss of water: skin
Lining for most internal cavities such as lining of small intestine and lungs.
Absorption of nutrients from digestion of food: lining of small intestine
/ Root Hair cell / Plant roots / The root hair increases the root’s surface area so as to absorb more water and minerals from the soil.
/ Leaf cell
(Palisade cell) / In the top of a plant leaf / Contain lots of chloroplasts to maximize photosynthesis – need chloroplasts to absorb light and make food during photosynthesis
/ Xylem vessel
Phloem vessel / Make up the vascular tissue of stems in plants. / Xylem:
Transports water/mineralsup the stem from soil.
Dead cells.
Phloem:
Transport food (sugar made in photosynthesis) down the roots and rest of plant (up and down).
Living cells.
Learning check:
1.What is the purpose of hemoglobin? ______
2.What category of biomolecules hemoglobin belongs to? ______
3.What is the function red blood cell? ______
4.What is the function of white blood cell?______
5.Muscles can move bones. How? ______
6.When muscle fibers “contract”, what does it mean?______
7.What is the function of a neuron?______
8.What is a nerve impulse? ______
9.These cells cover and protect surfaces inside and outside the body. These cells provide lining for most internal cavities. Which type of cell is being described? ______
10.Do plants have epithelial cells? ______
11.How do plants benefit from having root hairs?______
12.Where is a leaf most of the chloroplasts located? ______
13. How do plants benefit from having most of the chloroplasts in the top layer of the leaf? ______
14.What are the two types of vascular tissue? ______
15.What is the function of a xylem?______
16.What is the function of a phloem?______