Energy Resources

ENERGY RESOURCES

I. Energy from Organic Fuels

Common Forms of Energy: ______, ______and ______

Other Form of Energy: ______, ______and ______.

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

Energy can only be changed from one form into another form of energy

A. The Need For Energy

Energy you consume as food once came from the ______.

1. ______is any substance from which energy can be obtained.

2. Electricity is generated by the ______of other forms of energy.

3. This conversion is not 100% efficient

· Some energy converted to ______, ______and______.

4. Non-renewable resource-______

______

Ex. ______

5. Renewable resource - ______
______

Ex. ______

B. Changing Energy Needs

1. Hunter-Gatherer used ______to meet
their energy needs.

2. Agricultural societies utilized domesticated animals
for energy sources for equipment.

3. Industrial societies increased energy consumption
due to use of ______.

C. Organic Fuels

1. Organic fuels:

· ______

2. A compound composed only of carbon and hydrogen is called a ______.
Draw molecules below

· CH4 = Methane

· C2H6 = Ethane

· C8H18 = Octane

3. Hydrogen may contain impurities

· Other chemicals such as ______and ______compounds

· Impurities contribute to the ______

4. Fossil Fuels - Stored energy from ancient organism can be used today as a fuel source.

Examples of fossil fuels: ______, ______, and ______.

D. COAL

plants + swamps + sediment + time = Coal

· Formed when ancient plant material is compressed below sediment

· ______that is an organic fossil fuel

· Heat and pressure

· Forces out ______

· Increases the ______concentration

· ______carbon concentration means ______energy and less smoke released during combustion.

1. Stages in Coal formation

a. ______

b. ______

c. ______

d. ______

a. Peat

§ It is found on the Earth’s surface

§ Compressed ______material

§ ______water concentration

§ Low ______concentration

§ Burns ______

§ Brittle & Brown

§ Low ______

§ Resembles decaying wood

b. Lignite

§ Compressed ______

§ Lower ______concentration

§ Soft, brown coal composed of about ______carbon

§ Releases little smoke& burns quickly

§ Found below surface and must be ______

c. Sub-Bituminous coal

§ Type of coal whose properties range from those of ______to those of ______

§ Used primarily as a fuel for ______

d. Bituminous coal

§ Soft black coal

§ Most abundant type of coal in ______

§ It forms deep in Earth's crust

§ Less water and fewer impurities than lignite

§ Higher ______content (85%)

§ Releases little smoke and burns ______than lignite

§ Widely used industries– power plants

e. Anthracite

§ ______

§ Shiny black color

§ Least water, fewest impurities

§ Highest carbon content (_____%)

§ Located ______in the ground than any of the other forms of coal.

§ Burns the hottest with the least amount of ______and is the most valuable

§ Most expensive

Homework

1. Compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen are

(a) fuels;

(b) fossil fuels;

(d) hydrocarbons.

2. Energy conversion is not 100% efficient because energy is lost in the form of

(a) light

(b) heat

(d) all of the above

3. The type of society that has the greatest energy needs is the

(a) hunting society;

(b) gathering society;

(d) agricultural society.

4. The first stage in the formation of coal is

(a) lignite;

(b) peat;

(d) bituminous coal.

5. The type of coal that has the highest carbon content is

(a) peat;

(b) lignite;

(d) anthracite.

6. The most abundant form of coal in the

United States is

(a) peat;

(b) lignite;

(d) bituminous coal.

E. PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS

Coal is in the ______phase

Petroleum is in the ______phase

Natural gas is in the ______phase

1. Petroleum

organic material + shallow seas + sediment + time = Petroleum

§ Syrupy black liquid fossil fuel

§ Formed from the remains of ______and other microscopic ______, plants, and animals living in shallow seas millions of years ago

Draw an oil trap below:

Impermeable:______

Permeable : ______

a. Petroleum is separated or refined to make a variety of products.
List some here:

b. Worldwide population increases, so does the ______for petroleum.

2. Natural Gas

a. Mixture:

§ ______major hydrocarbon

§ Ethane and propane may be present as minor hydrocarbons

§ Trace amounts :

· Hydrogen sulfide

· Carbon dioxide

· Nitrogen

· Helium

b. Use:

§ Industry

§ Homes & businesses for ______

· ______

§ Household appliances

§ Does not have to be converted to electricity first; ______

c. Natural gas forms in much the same way as petroleum

§ Often found trapped above ______pools

§ Sometimes viewed as waste of ______

F. Problems with Fossil Fuels

1. ______and ______

2. Oil spills and other forms of widespread ______are possible results of exploring for fossil fuels.

An alternative to seeking new fossil fuel sources is to depend on the large deposits of oil that are already known to exist. Unfortunately for many nations, oil deposits are not always located in the same country that needs the fuel. In I991, Operation Desert Storm, reminded many Americans of the need to reduce their dependence on imported oil.

3. Pollution of various kinds, especially ______, is produced by the use of fossil fuels.

a. Burning releases ______

4. Increased use of fossil fuels since the Industrial Revolution caused the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to increase by more than ____%.

5. Many scientists, as well as other citizens, think that this increase in carbon dioxide could raise the temperature of Earth through a process called the ______effect.

6. Natural gas is extremely ______

7. Coal miner hazards: suffocation by natural gas, ______of natural gas and coal dust

G. Biomass Fuels

1. A fuel formed from the products of living organisms.

2. Ex.______, ______, ______, and ______

3. Biomass fuels are a ______resource and can be produced in large quantities specifically for use as fuels.

4. Wood

a. Cheap, used greatly in developing nations

1. People spend a great deal of time searching for the wood necessary to meet their energy needs.

b. Wood gives off a great deal of smoke that is high in ______.

c. Obtaining wood can be damaging to ______.

5. Garbage

a. Garbage produced in homes is composed largely of ______materials, such as paper and food scraps

b. About 2/3 of the material in garbage can be burned

c. Heat produced from burning garbage is used to change water into steam

d. The steam turns the ______that generate electricity.

6. Methane

a. Swamp gas is a naturally produced form of ______

b. Decaying ______in dumps also produces methane

c. Today, methane is being removed from swamps and garbage dumps for use as a fuel.

7. Alcohol

a. ______- the conversion of organic materials into fuels

i. Ex. Use of plants (corn & sugarcane) to make ______

b. ______- made by yeast through the process of ______

i. A liquid biomass fuel that burns ______and is a renewable resource.

ii. Gasohol - mixture of ______gasoline to ______ethanol.

Homework

1. Coal: fossil fuel as

(a) petroleum: crude oil; (b) peat: coal; (c) methane: swamp gas; (d) alcohol: biomass fuel.

2. Crude oil is another name for

(a) alcohol; (b) methane; (c) peat; (d) petroleum.

3. Petroleum: plastics as

(a) alcohol: gasoline; (b) coal: carbon; (c) garbage: electricity; (d) industry: fuels.

4. Mines: coal as

(a) petroleum: refineries; (b) corn: alcohol; (c) land: agriculture; (d) wells: petroleum.

5. The use of corn to make alcohol is an example of

(a) bioconversion; (b) fossil fuels; (c) hydrocarbon; (d) refining.

6. Of the following the only example of a biomass fuel is

(a) coal; (b) petroleum; (c) wood; (d) natural gas.

7. The process by which alcohol is made by yeast is called

(a) fermentation; (b) bioconversion; (c) purification; (d) distillation.

8. Unlike fossil fuels, biomass fuels

(a) do not release carbon dioxide;

(b) are renewable resources;

(d) are not products of living things.

II. ATOMS AND RADIOACTIVITY

A. Atoms:______

Composed of:

1. ______
______

2. ______

3. ______

______Atom # of p+ = # of –e

B. Atoms and Isotopes

1. AII atoms of the same element have the same number of ______in their nuclei.

a. Atomic # = ______
Ex. oxygen has 8 ______, and its atomic number is 8.

b. Atomic Mass/ Mass # - ______

c. Individual atoms of the same element may have different mass numbers because the number of
______in the nucleus can vary.

For example, all atoms of the element oxygen have 8 protons. Most atoms of oxygen have 8 neutrons and a mass number of 16. However, some oxygen atoms may have 9 or 10 neutrons.

d. Isotopes - Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of ______
Ex. Uranium has 92 protons, and most uranium atoms contain 146 neutrons and have a mass number
of 238. This form of uranium is commonly called U-238. Another isotope of uranium, called U-235, has
only 143 neutrons and has a mass number of 235.

Change in Number of Electrons
-
- / Change in the Number of Neutrons
-
-
-

C. Radioactivity

1. ______- unstable isotopes of atoms, emitting particles and energy from their
nuclei as they decay

2. The three types of radiation emitted from radioactive atom:
a. ______

b. ______

c. ______

3. ______-The amount of time it takes for half of the atom in a sample of a
radioactive element to decay is the

D. REACTIONS AND REACTORS

1. Energy holds the nucleus of atoms together

2. ______- splitting the atom; releases energy

a. Can be used to generate electricity.

b. Uranium-235 is the atom used most commonly in fission reactions

c. An atom of U-235 is fissionable

i. ______when its nucleus is struck by a ______.

ii. When U-235 splits, it releases energy and forms new nuclei, called ______

nuclei.

The steps in the fission of a U-235 atom are shown in the diagram. To begin the reaction, a neutron is fired into the nucleus of the atom. The neutron strikes the nucleus, which splits, forming two daughter nuclei. The reaction also releases energy and several more neutrons. These neutrons can strike other U-235 nuclei, causing those nuclei to split and release more energy and more neutrons. This continuous action of neutrons splitting atomic nuclei is called a chain reaction.

E. Nuclear Reactors

1. Nuclear reactors function very similarly to fossil fuel power plants.

2.______is released from the nuclear reaction ______boils water steam rises
______turns turbines electricity is ______

3. Water performs two functions:

a. Acts as a coolant, absorbing heat and keeps the core from ______.

b. Slows the movement of the neutrons released during the chain reaction to allow for the
chain reaction to ______

c. Control ______regulate speed of the chain reaction

i. Made of cadmium, boron, or other materials that absorb neutrons

Homework

1. Protons and neutrons are found together in the part of the atom called the

(a) alpha particle; (b) electron; (c) nucleus; (d) isotope.

2. Two atoms of the same element with different mass numbers are called

(a) isotopes; (b) nuclei; (c) electrons; (d) neutrons.

3. One kind of radiation not released by radioactive decay is

(a) alpha particles; (b) free protons; (c) beta particles; (d) gamma rays.

4. All isotopes of an element contain the same number of neutrons. TRUE or FALSE

5. Beta particles contain two protons and two neutrons. TRUE or FALSE

6. The fuel most commonly used in fission reactions is

(a) Np-239; (b) U-238; (c) U-235; (d) Pu-239.

7. Devices that absorb neutrons and are used to control the speed of a fission reactor are called

(a) reactor vessels; (b) fuel rods; (c) containment buildings; (d) control rods.

9. A fission chain reaction begins when an atom of U-235 is struck by a neutron. TRUE or FALSE

10. In a fission reaction, some of the mass of the original atom is converted to energy. TRUE or FALSE

F. RADIOACTIVE WASTE

1. Produced by Nuclear power plants

· About _____ metric tons of spent fuel is produced by a typical nuclear reactor each year.

2. Nuclear plants produce large quantities of ______-______nuclear wastes
during the course of normal operation.

Cells that are actively dividing, such as skin cells and the blood-cell producing cells in bone marrow, are especially sensitive to radiation. The amount of exposure determines the extent of damage. Large doses of radiation can cause severe, immediate effects, including skin burns and anemia, even death. Radiation also causes changes in DNA, leading to long-term effects such as cancer and genetic mutation.

4. Radiation exposure is measured in ______.

5. Most Americans receive between ______-_____ rems per year from background radiation.

G. Types of Waste

1. ______- Radioactive wastes that emit large amounts of radiation

Ex. 1. ______
2______

3. ______used to cool and control the chain reactions

a. These wastes are very dangerous to handle and may also be ______

b. May be ______for tens of thousands of years

2. Medium-level and low-level wastes

a. Not as radioactive as high-level wastes

b. Much ______volume is generated (more common)

c. Can be dangerous for 300 years or more

d. Ex.

i. ______

ii. Contaminated protective clothes of a power plant worker

e. Produced by hospitals and laboratories

H. Waste Disposal

1. The contaminants may have long half-lives, taking ______of years to decay

Plutonium-239, for example, is a high-level waste product of nuclear reactors. Pu-239 has a half-life of 24,000 years. Plutonium waste will remain dangerous for 192,000 years. Plutonium is also a deadly poison, even in small amounts.

2. The long half-lives of elements in radioactive wastes pose a serious ______problem.

3. Wastes must be sealed in containers that will not corrode for thousands of years.

4. The U.S. government has decided to seal the wastes in thick blocks of ______.