Electronic Supplementary Material

Sampling Effort in Neotropical Primate Diet Studies: Collective Gains and Underlying Geographic and Taxonomic Biases

Joseph E. Hawes ∙ Armando M. Calouro ∙ Carlos A. Peres

Table SI Neotropical primate taxonomy (Rosenberger 2011) and corresponding functional group or ‘ecospecies’ (updated from Peres and Janson 1999).

Family / Subfamily / Tribe / Genus / Functional ecospecies / Code / Taxonomic species included
Atelidae / Atelinae / Alouattini / Alouatta / Howlers / Al / Alouatta spp.
Atelini / Ateles / Spider monkeys / At / Ateles spp.
Brachyteles / Woolly spider monkeys / Br / Brachyteles spp.
Lagothrix (incl. Oreonax) / Woolly monkeys / La / Lagothrix spp., Oreonax flavicauda
Cebidae / Cebinae / Cebini / Cebus (incl. Sapajus) / White-fronted capuchins / Cf / C. albifrons, C. capucinus
Brown capuchins / Ca / C. apella + Cebus spp. (Table SII)
Wedge-capped capuchins / Co / C. kaapori, C. olivaceus
Saimirini / Saimiri / Squirrel monkeys / Sa / Saimiri spp.
Callitrichinae / Saguinini / Saguinus / Saddle-back tamarins / Sf / S. fuscicollis, S. inustus, S. melanoleucus, S. nigricollis, S. tripartitus
Moustached tamarins / Sx / S. mystax, S. labiatus, S. imperator
Midas tamarins / Sm / S. midas, S. niger
Bare-faced tamarins / So / S. bicolor, S. geoffroyi, S. leucopus, S. martinsi, S. oedipus
Cebidae / Callitrichinae cont. / Callitrichini / Callithrix (incl. Mico) / Atlantic marmosets / Cx / Callithrix spp.
Amazonian marmosets / Mi / Mico spp.
Cebuella (incl. Callibella) / Pygmy marmosets / Cb / Cebuella pygmaea, Callibella humilis
Leontopithecus / Lion tamarins / Le / Leontopithecus spp.
Callimiconini / Callimico / Goeldi's monkeys / Cg / Callimico goeldii
Pitheciidae / Pitheciinae / Pitheciini / Pithecia / Saki monkeys / Pi / Pithecia spp.
Chiropotes / Bearded saki monkeys / Ch / Chiropotes spp.
Cacajao / Uakaries / Cj / Cacajao spp.
Homunculinae / Callicebini / Callicebus / Amazonian dusky titi monkeys / Cm / C. moloch + Callicebus spp. (Table SII)
Atlantic dusky titi monkeys / Cp / C. personatus + Callicebus spp. (Table SII)
Collared titi monkeys / Ct / C. torquatus + Callicebus spp. (Table SII)
Aotini / Aotus / Night monkeys / Ao / Aotus spp.

Table SII Neotropical primate species with conservation status (IUCN 2011), adult body mass (kg) (Smith and Jungers 1997) and corresponding functional group or ecospecies (sensu Peres and Janson 1999, see Table SI for overview).

Subfamily / Tribe / Genus / Code / Species / IUCN statusa / Body mass
Atelinae / Alouattini / Alouatta / Al / Alouatta arctoidea / LC
Alouatta belzebul / VU / 6.40
Alouatta caraya / LC / 5.38
Alouatta discolor / VU
Alouatta guariba / LC / 5.54
Alouatta juara / LC
Alouatta macconnelli / LC
Alouatta nigerrima / LC
Alouatta palliata / LC / 6.24
Alouatta pigra / EN / 8.92
Alouatta puruensis / LC
Alouatta sara / LC
Alouatta seniculus / LC / 6.09
Alouatta ululata / EN
Atelini / Ateles / At / Ateles belzebuth / EN / 8.07
Ateles chamek / EN / 9.37
Ateles fusciceps / CR / 9.03
Ateles geoffroyi / EN / 7.54
Ateles hybridus / CR
Ateles marginatus / EN
Ateles paniscus / VU / 8.78
Brachyteles / Br / Brachyteles arachnoides / EN / 8.84
Brachyteles hypoxanthus / CR
Lagothrix / La / Lagothrix cana / EN / 8.22
Lagothrix lagotricha / VU / 7.15
Lagothrix lugens / CR
Lagothrix poeppigii / VU
Oreonaxb / Oreonax flavicauda / CR / 10.00
Cebinae / Cebini / Cebus / Cf / Cebus albifrons / LC / 2.74
Cebus capucinus / LC / 3.10
Cac / Cebus apella / LC / 3.09
Cebus cay / LC
Cebus flavius / CR
Cebus libidinosus / LC
Cebus macrocephalus / LC
Cebus nigritus / NT
Cebus robustus / EN
Cebus xanthosternos / CR
Co / Cebus kaapori / CR
Cebus olivaceus / LC / 2.91
Saimirini / Saimiri / Sa / Saimiri boliviensis / LC / 0.81
Saimiri oerstedii / VU / 0.79
Saimiri sciureus / LC / 0.79
Saimiri ustus / NT / 0.86
Saimiri vanzolinii / VU / 0.80
Callitrichinae / Saguinini / Saguinus / Sf / Saguinus fuscicollis / LC / 0.35
Saguinus inustus / LC / 0.59
Saguinus melanoleucus / LC
Saguinus nigricollis / LC / 0.48
Saguinus tripartitus / NT
Sx / Saguinus imperator / LC / 0.47
Saguinus labiatus / LC / 0.51
Saguinus mystax / LC / 0.52
Sm / Saguinus midas / LC / 0.55
Saguinus niger / VU
So / Saguinus bicolor / EN / 0.43
Saguinus geoffroyi / LC
Saguinus leucopus / EN / 0.49
Saguinus martinsi / LC
Saguinus oedipus / CR / 0.41
Callitrichini / Callithrix / Cx / Callithrix aurita / VU / 0.43
Callithrix flaviceps / EN / 0.41
Callithrix geoffroyi / LC / 0.36
Callithrix jacchus / LC / 0.35
Callithrix kuhlii / NT / 0.38
Callithrix penicillata / LC / 0.33
Micod / Mi / Mico acariensis / DD
Mico argentatus / LC / 0.35
Mico chrysoleucus / DD
Mico emiliae / DD / 0.32
Mico humeralifer / DD / 0.42
Mico intermedius / LC
Mico leucippe / VU
Mico manicorensis / LC
Mico marcai / DD
Mico mauesi / LC / 0.37
Mico melanurus / LC
Mico nigriceps / DD / 0.38
Mico rondoni / VU
Mico saterei / LC
Callibellae / Cb / Callibella humilis / VU
Cebuella / Cebuella pygmaea / LC / 0.12
Leontopithecus / Le / Leontopithecus caissara / CR / 0.57
Leontopithecus chrysomelas / EN / 0.58
Leontopithecus chrysopygus / EN / 0.58
Leontopithecus rosalia / EN / 0.61
Callimiconini / Callimico / Cg / Callimico goeldii / VU / 0.50 f
Pitheciinae / Pithecini / Pithecia / Pi / Pithecia aequatorialis / LC / 2.25
Pithecia albicans / VU / 3.00
Pithecia irrorata / LC / 2.16
Pithecia monachus / LC / 2.36
Pithecia pithecia / LC / 1.76
Chiropotes / Ch / Chiropotes albinasus / EN / 2.82
Chiropotes chiropotes / LC / 2.74
Chiropotes satanas / CR / 3.03
Chiropotes utahickae / EN
Cacajao / Cj / Cacajao ayresi / VU
Cacajao calvus / VU / 3.17
Cacajao hosomi / VU
Cacajao melanocephalus / LC / 2.94
Homunculinae / Callicebini / Callicebus / Cm / Callicebus aureipalatii / LC
Callicebus baptista / LC
Callicebus bernhardi / LC
Callicebus brunneus / LC / 0.83
Callicebus caligatus / LC / 0.88
Callicebus cinerascens / LC
Callicebus cupreus / LC / 1.07
Callicebus discolor / LC
Callicebus donacophilus / LC / 0.95
Callicebus dubius / LC
Callicebus hoffmannsi / LC / 1.06
Callicebus modestus / EN
Callicebus moloch / LC / 0.99
Callicebus oenanthe / CR
Callicebus olallae / EN
Callicebus ornatus / VU
Callicebus pallescens / LC
Callicebus stephennashi / DD
Cp / Callicebus barbarabrownae / CR
Callicebus coimbrai / EN
Callicebus melanochir / VU
Callicebus nigrifrons / NT
Callicebus personatus / VU / 1.33
Ct / Callicebus lucifer / LC
Callicebus lugens / LC
Callicebus medemi / VU
Callicebus purinus / LC
Callicebus regulus / LC
Callicebus torquatus / LC / 1.25
Aotini / Aotus / Ao / Aotus azarae / LC / 1.21
Aotus brumbacki / VU
Aotus griseimembra / VU
Aotus jorgehernandezi / DD
Aotus lemurinus / VU / 0.90
Aotus miconax / VU
Aotus nancymaae / LC / 0.79
Aotus nigriceps / LC / 0.96
Aotus trivirgatus / LC / 0.77
Aotus vociferans / LC / 0.70
Aotus zonalis / DD
aIUCN Red List status categories: LC = Least Concern, NT = Near Threatened, VU = Vulnerable, EN = Endangered, CR = Critically Endangered.
bIncluded in Lagothrix by Rosenberger (2011).
cCebus apella and allies are synonymous with Sapajus (Alfaro et al. 2012).
dIncluded in Callithrix by Rosenberger (2011).
eIncluded in Cebuella by Rosenberger (2011).

fBody mass for Callimico from Porter and Garber (2004).

Table SIII Full list of 164 neotropical sites with primate diet studies included in this compilation.

ID / Region / Country / Site name / Lat. / Long.
1 / Amazon / Bolivia / Bella Flor, Pando / -11.125 / -67.7917
2 / Cocamita, Pando / -11.1833 / -68.7
3 / Estación Biológica Beni, Beni Biosphere Reserve, Beni / -14.6667 / -66.3333
4 / Estacion Biologica de Tunquini, Yungas / -16.25 / -68
5 / La Chonta, Guarayos Forest Reserve, Santa Cruz / -15.6182 / -62.7909
6 / Lago Caiman, Noel Kempff Mercado National Park, Santa Cruz / -13.6 / -60.9167
7 / Mucden, Pando / -11.2 / -69.0833
8 / Tahuamanu Biological Field Station, Pando / -11.4 / -69.1
9 / Yacuma/Naranjal, Beni / -14.0007 / -66.95
10 / Brazil / Fazenda Experimental Catuaba, AC / -10.0667 / -67.6
11 / BDFFP, AM / -2.5 / -60
12 / Distrito Agropecuario da Suframa, AM / -2.41667 / -59.8333
13 / Estação Ecologica Mamiraua, AM / -2.48333 / -65.4333
14 / Jaú National Park, AM / -1.86681 / -61.6451
15 / Pico de Neblina National Park, AM / 0.4 / -66.3
16 / Ponta de Castanha, Tefe lake, AM / -3.53333 / -64.9667
17 / Reserva Florestal Adolfo Ducke, Manaus, AM / -2.92905 / -59.9764
18 / Tarumã-açu, Manaus, AM / -3.13333 / -60.0333
19 / Tenharin Indian settlement, Rio dos Marmelos, AM / -7.95 / -62.05
20 / Urucu headwaters, AM / -4.84778 / -65.2681
21 / Various sites, Upper Rio Negro, AM / 0.13 / -67.0889
22 / Various sites, Rio Madeira, AM / -5.31572 / -60.8471
23 / Parque Nacional Montanhas do Tumucumaque, AP / 1.595833 / -52.4922
24 / Celmar-Imperatriz, MA / -5 / -48.1667
25 / Dardanelos, Aripuanã, MT / -10.1667 / -59.45
26 / Paranaita, MT / -9.56667 / -56.3167
27 / Cauaxi Ranch, Paragominas, PA / -3.75889 / -48.1683
28 / Fazenda Amanda, PA / -1.86667 / -46.7333
29 / Fazenda Vitoria, PA / -2.98333 / -47.5167
30 / Ferreira Penna Scientific Station, Caxiuana, PA / -1.74667 / -51.4433
31 / Gunma Ecological Park, Santa Barbara do Para, PA / -1.22667 / -48.295
32 / Nhamunda river, PA / -1.97528 / -56.9267
33 / Pinkaiti, Kayapó Indian Area, PA / -7.76667 / -51.95
34 / Tucurui (various islands), PA / -4.48333 / -49.5
35 / Cachoeira Samuel Ecological Station, RO / -8.96667 / -63.2333
36 / Fazenda Mariana, Rio Jiparana, RO / -11.4094 / -61.5683
37 / Ouro Preto do Oeste, RO / -10.7117 / -62.255
38 / Estação Ecologica de Maracá, RR / 3.416667 / -61.6667
39 / Colombia / Córdoba Indigenous Reserve, Amazonas / -1.26667 / -69.7333
40 / Estacion Biologica Caparu, Vuapes / -1.0925 / -69.5133
41 / Estacion Biologica El Amargal, Choco / 5.573611 / -77.5061
42 / Finca Merenberg, Huila / 2.233333 / -76.1333
43 / La Macarena National Park/Tinigua National Park, Meta / 2.666667 / -74.1667
44 / Maraquita, Tolima / 5.2 / -74.9167
45 / Otun Quimbaya Flora and Fauna Sanctuary, Risaralda / 4.716667 / -75.4667
46 / Puerto Japon/Puerto Tokio, Rio Peneya, Caqueta / 2 / -74.5
47 / Reserva La Montaña del Ocaso, Quimbaya, Quindío / 4.580278 / -75.8644
48 / San Juan del Carare, Santander / 6.3175 / -73.9519
49 / Serrania de San Lucas, Bolivar / 8 / -74.3333
50 / Territorio Faunistico El Tuparro, Vichada / 5.283611 / -68.5006
51 / Ecuador / Tapichalaca Biologica Reserve, Valladolid, Zamora-Chinchipe / -4.48333 / -79.1167
52 / Various sites (Aguarico, Napo, and Arajuno rivers, Zancudococha Lake)
53 / Yasuní National Park, Napo/Pastaza / -0.7 / -75.4667
54 / French Guiana / Arataye river / 4.033333 / -52.6667
55 / Les Nourages Nature Reserve / 4.083333 / -52.6667
56 / Petit-Saut dam / 5.083333 / -53.25
57 / Saint-Eugène Biological Station / 4.85 / -53.0667
58 / Various sites, French Guiana
59 / Peru / Cocha Cashu Biological Station, Manú National Park, Madre de Dios / -11.9 / -71.3
60 / Estación Biológica de Cahuana, Reserva Nacional Pacaya Samiria, Loreto / -5.43333 / -74.5667
61 / Estacion Biologica de Pro Naturaleza, Tumbes Reserved Zone, Tumbes / -3.82194 / -80.2567
62 / Estacion Biologica Quebrada Blanco, Tahuayo river, Loreto / -4.35 / -73.15
63 / Isla de Iquitos and Padre Isla, Iquitos, Loreto / -3.73333 / -73.2333
64 / Lago Preto, Yavari river, Loreto / -4.5 / -71.7167
65 / Los Amigos Conservation Concession, Madre de Dios / -12.5686 / -70.0992
66 / Nanay river, Loreto / -3.86667 / -73.5
67 / Nuevo San Juan, Yavari river, Loreto / -5.29167 / -73.1639
68 / Parque Nacional Rio Abiseo, San Martin / -7.75 / -77.25
69 / Puerto Bermudez, Pasco / -10 / -75
70 / Tambopata Reserved Zone, Madre de Dios / -14.2242 / -69.1728
71 / Various sites (mainly Maniti river basin but also Tahuayo and Tapiche), Loreto / -3.70833 / -73.0083
72 / Various sites (Río Tambor, Puerto Huamán, Juancho Playa, Mishana), Loreto
73 / Suriname / Brownsberg Nature Park, Brokopondo / 5.016667 / -55.5667
74 / Raleighvallen-Voltzberg Nature Reserve, Sipaliwini / 4.683333 / -56.1667
75 / Venezuela / Hato Masaguaral, Guarico / 8.566667 / -67.5833
76 / Hato Piñero, Guarico / 8.833333 / -68.15
77 / Isla de Margarita, Nueva Esparta / 10.99722 / -63.9114
78 / Lago Guri (various islands), Bolivar / 7.35 / -62.8667
79 / Mantecal/Achaguas, Apure / 7.673889 / -68.6886
80 / Reserva Florestal El Caura, Tawadu river, Bolivar / 6.363611 / -64.9864
81 / Rio Pasimoni/Rio Baria, Amazonas / 1.5 / -66.5
82 / Atlantic / Argentina / Baritu National Park, Salta / -22.5667 / -64.8
83 / Brasileira Island, Paraná River, Corrientes / -27.3333 / -58.6667
84 / El Pinalto Provincial Park, Misiones / -26.5 / -53.8333
85 / El Rey National Park, Salta / -24.7 / -64.6333
86 / Estancia Guaycolec, Pilaga river, Formosa / -25.9667 / -58.1833
87 / Iguazu National Park, Iguazu / -25.6667 / -54.5
88 / Rio Riachuelo, Corrientes / -27.5 / -58.6833
89 / Various sites (Zones 1, 2 and 3 of Eastern Formosa Province)
90 / Brazil / Estacao Experimental Lemos Maia, Reserva Biológica de Una, BA / -15.15 / -39.1167
91 / Botanic Garden of Brasilia, DF / -15.9 / -47.8583
92 / Parque Nacional de Brasilia, DF / -15.7167 / -47.9167
93 / Various sites (Açudinho, Fazenda Agua Limpa, Monjolo), Brasilia, DF / -15.9447 / -47.8853