Appendix B
Information of all studied populations
Except for the populations in Dongfang County 1 (DF1), Tongshi County 1 (TS1), and Wenchang County 1 (WC1), the other eight populations are located in nature reserves. However, all studied populations have suffered more or less historical disturbances in the past 50 years. To evaluate the status of genetic diversity under different disturbance pressure, the populations were grouped according to their protection status (being protected or not) and suffering human activities (tourism/villages/roads, hydrological projects, or logging trace), the 11 sampled populations were divided into three levels, which were low disturbance (LD), moderate disturbance (MD), and high disturbance (HD).
The low disturbance level was characterized as in nature reserves, with no tourism/villages/roads/hydrological projects nearby, and no logging trace. There are four populations: JFL7, KFL1, GSL1, and BWL4.
The individuals in the Jianfengling 7 (JFL7) population are distributed sporadically (less dense population) along a rivulet in the core zone of Jianfengling National Natural Reserve (JNNR) in the southwest of Hainan Island. The individuals in the Kafaling 1 (KFL1) population are distributed sporadically in the transformed Kafaling State Wood Farm in the southwest of Hainan Island. The individuals in the Ganshiling 1 (GSL1) population are distributed intensively (dense population) around some scrapped barracks in the buffer zone of Ganshiling Natural Reserve in southern Hainan Island. The individuals in the Bawangling 4 (BWL4), population is in the transition zone of Bawangling National Natural Reserve (BNNR), and is distributed intensively on the top of a ridge around rubber plantations.
The moderate disturbance level was characteristic as in natural reserve, with tourism/roads. There are three populations: WC1, SY1 and WN1.
The individuals in the Wenchang 1 (WC1) population, which has been protected as Fung Shui Woods by the local people and is the only solitary population in the most northern margin of Hainan Island, are distributed intensively on a hill surrounded by a two-meter-wide road and agricultural fields where pineapple and rice are cultivated. The individuals in the Sanya County 1 (SY1) population are distributed sporadically and are under protection. They are also near the Butterfly Valley Tourist Attractions and the Yalong Bay National Resort District in southern Hainan Island. The individuals in the Wanning County 1 (WN1) population are distributed sporadically in the buffer zone of Liji Qingpilin Nature Reserve (LNR), which is near the Shimei Bay Tourism Zone in the eastern of Hainan Island.
The HD level was characteristic as in natural reserve (with villages/hydrological projects nearby) or out of nature reserve (with hydrological projects, or logging trace). There are four populations: TS1, GSL6, BWL1 and DF1.
The individuals in the Tongshi 1 (TS1) population, located in the centre of Hainan Island, are distributed extremely sporadically (scattered population) close to a village with deforestation disturbance/illegal logging disturbance. The individuals in the Ganshiling 6 (GSL6) population are distributed extremely extremely sporadically near a large reservoir in the transition zone of Ganshiling Natural Reserve (GNR). The individuals in the Bawangling 1 (BWL1) population are distributed extremely sporadically near a small hydropower station and on the experimental zone of Bawangling National Natural Reserve (BNNR) in western Hainan Island. The individuals in the Dongfang 1 (DF1) population, in western Hainan Island, are distributed extremely sporadically along a rivulet with numerous obvious logging vestiges (Figure S2).