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Protein Synthesis

Period: _____ Name: ______

Biology

Protein Synthesis

The Big Picture

All cells in an organism contain an ______of that organism’s genetic code.

Restate: ______

______

Where do all of the cells in your body come from?

How do specialized cells know which part of the genetic code they are responsible for? ______

______

______

This Process is Called: ______

Engage: Environmental Factors and Gene Expression

  1. What can you conclude from the data above?

How can genes be activated?

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Protein Synthesis

-Environmental factors

  • ______
  • ______
  • ______

-Chemicals

  • ______
  • ______

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Protein Synthesis

Summary:

The Big Picture

The Big Picture
DNA Characteristics

Basic Central Dogma: ______ ______ ______

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

  • What is Deoxyribonucleic Acid? / Why is it important to living organisms?
  • What does DNA give a code for?
  • Draw and label 3 forms of DNA.
  • What are the 3 main parts of DNA?
  • Draw DNA and label the 3 parts. Next circle a nucleotides

DNA Characteristics

  • The 3 main parts of DNA make a nucleotide. Nucleotides are the building blocks of DNA.

Draw a nucleotide using:

  • Draw DNA and point to where the nitrogen bases are located.
  • How do the bases in DNA code for Proteins?
  • In the end, what does DNA code for?
  • Draw theCentral Dogma

What step did we add?

Would this be true in all Kingdoms?______

Comparing DNA to RNA

mRNA vs. DNA---mRNA is very similar to DNA…But there are differences

  • How many strands does DNA have?

mRNA has only 1 strand

  • What kind of sugar is found in DNA?

mRNA has a different sugar

  • What are the 4 nitrogen bases in DNA?
  • What do each pair up with?

mRNA does not have a “T” (thymine) and instead has a “U” for Uracil.

Therefore, what are the 4 nitrogen bases for mRNA?

  • What is DNA’s job/function?

mRNA’s job is to code for specific proteins. What do the proteins eventually make?

  • Where is DNA always located?

Can DNA ever leave the nucleus?

Because DNA cannot ever leave the ______, it must code for another form to leave the nucleus.

Compare DNA and RNA

Compare DNA and RNA in the space below:

Transcription

TRANSCRIPTION

  • Draw the Central Dogma again and determine what DNA codes for next:
  • Transcription =
  • Is transcription occurring for every gene every second of every day?
  • If DNA cannot leave the nucleus, then where must transcription occur?
  • ***mRNA is used as a blueprint for converting the message of DNA into proteins

Process of Transcription:

  1. The DNA double helix unzips
  2. Complementary RNA nucleotides are paired with one strand of DNA
  3. The completed RNA molecule detaches from the DNA
  4. The 2 strands of DNA are rejoined

Reading mRNA

Each codon codes for a specific amino acid. A Codon Chart is used to easily determine the amino acid that each codon codes for.

Practice what do each of these codons code for?

UUA CCC AGA GAC

  • If you notice, multiple codons code for the same amino acid.
  • Example: Which two codons code for Histidine?

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Protein Synthesis

Compare DNA and RNA

Complete the Venn Diagram using these terms:

  1. single-stranded
  2. double-stranded
  3. thymine
  4. uracil
  5. adenine, guanine, cytosine
  6. found in nucleus
  7. found in cytoplasm
  8. stores genetic information
  9. double helix shape
  10. goes through replication
  11. made of 3 base units called codons
  12. comprised of nucleotides
  13. ribose sugar
  14. deoxyribose sugar

Translation

TRANSLATION

  • Remember the Central Dogma (page 2):
  • Translation =
  • Is translation occurring for each gene every second of every day?

-How mRNA codes for proteins using tRNA:

  • Key Players in Translation:

Codon =

Anti-codon =

Protein =

Amino Acid=

mRNA=

tRNA=

Translation

  • Draw the process of Translation
  • Process of Translation:
  1. mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the cytoplasm
  2. The mRNA strand feeds through the ribosome like a piece of paper through a printer
  3. Each tRNA carries a specific amino acid
  4. The tRNA will attach an anti-codon to the codon on the mRNA
  5. The tRNA will drop-off the amino acid at the ribosome and leave to be re-used
  6. Another tRNA will attach to the next codon (The next 3 nitrogen bases)
  7. The next tRNA will drop-off its amino acid with the other amino acids and then leave
  8. This process continues until a STOP sequence is reached
  9. All amino acids create a chain of amino acids
  10. The chain of amino acids makes a protein

Mutations

  • Remember by drawing the Central Dogma…AGAIN!
  1. Can any step in this process be regulated?
  1. What is the result if any step in this process does not occur correctly?
  1. What is a mutation?
  • Mutation During DNA Replication:

What happens during DNA Replication?

Use the codon chart to answer the following questions:

There are 3 types of mutations that

can occur during DNA replication:

  1. Substitution

Question: If a codon ACA changes to AUA will the codon change?

Question: If a codon ACA changes to AUA will the amino acid change?

Question: If a codon ACA changes to ACU, will the amino acid change?

Question: If a codon ACA changes to ACU, what will happen to the protein?

Will a change in mRNA change the codon? Circle ( Yes / No )

Will a change in mRNA always change the amino acid? Circle ( Yes / No )

Will a change in amino acid change the protein? Circle ( Yes / No )

  1. Insertion

Example:THE CAT ATE THE RAT

Insert an A in front of the sentence and divide the letters into codons. What will it read now?

  1. Deletion

Example: AUG ACA GGU UGU UGA

Amino Acids?

If C is deleted and you keep this sentence in sets of 3 (just as in an mRNA codon), what will it read now?

Order?

Codons?