Biology
End of Course Test Review
Cells
Assessment of this domain will focus on the relationship between form and function in all cells
1. relating common organelles to their functions. These organelles include, but are not limited to:
a) mitochondrion
b) Golgi apparatus
c) vacuole
d) nucleus
e) ribosome
f) chloroplast
2. differentiating between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
3. comprehending the role of the cell membrane in maintaining a constant internal environment
The property of the membrane that allows certain materials to pass through the cell while keeping others out is called ______
Polymer / Use / Additional InformationPhospholipid bilayer / Hydrophobic/Hydrophilic portions
Proteins
Carbohydrate chains
4. understanding the mechanisms (active and passive transport) required to maintain homeostasis in unicellular and multicellular organisms
Active Transport Passive Transport
With or against the
concentration gradient?
Examples:
5. determining chemical elements that are essential constituents of organic molecules
6. comparing the function of basic organic molecules in cells
7. determining the properties of basic biomolecules in living organisms
Polymer / Monomer / Examples/UsesCarbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
8. comprehending the lock and key action of enzymes in catalyzing biological reactions
All enzymes have 3 things in common:
1. 2. 3.
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering its ______,which is the energy required to start the reaction.
Know These:
Substrates: Products: Active Site:
1. Unlike prokaryotic cells, eukaryotic cells have the capacity to
A assemble into multi-cellular organisms
B establish symbiotic relationships with other organisms
C obtain energy from the Sun
D store genetic information in the form of DNA
2. Inside eukaryotic cells are membrane -bound structures called
A cell walls
B cilia
C organelles
D cytoplasm
3. The function of the cell organelle circled below is to produce energy.
What is the name of this organelle?
A Gogli apparatus
B mitochondrion
C nucleus
D ribosome
4. Which of the following examples illustrates osmosis?
A Water leaves the tubules of the kidney in response to the hypertonic fluid surrounding the tubules.
B Digestive enzymes are excreted into the small intestine.
C White blood cells consume pathogens and cell debris at the site of an infection.
D Calcium is pumped inside a muscle cell after the muscle completes its contraction.
5. Food is commonly refrigerated at temperatures 2°C to 7°C to slow the rate of spoilage by bacteria. Which of the following best explains why refrigeration at these temperatures slows the spoilage of food?
A Bacteria that cause food spoilage are killed by these low temperatures.
B Bacteria that cause food spoilage multiply rapidly at these temperatures.
C The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are not active at these temperatures.
D The enzymes in bacteria that cause food spoilage are denatured at these temperatures.
6. The assembly of proteins in a cell takes place in the
A nucleus
B vacuoles
C ribosomes
D mitochondria
7. Which of the following is an organism whose cell(s) lack(s) membrane-bound organelles?
A nucleolus
B chromatin
C eukaryote
D prokaryote
8. In all reptiles, birds, and mammals, the processes of excretion, water and salt balance, and the regulation of pH in body fluids are controlled by the kidneys. This is an example of the organism maintaining
A reabsorption
B homeostasis
C insulation
D hibernation
9. Proteins are long chains or polymers made up of
A nucleotides
B carbohydrates
C amino acids
D lipids
10. Which of the following molecules provides the greatest amount of energy per gram of mass when metabolized?
A carbohydrate
B nucleic acid
C protein
D lipid
11. Which of the following environmental changes can cause an increase in the rates of chemical reactions in cells?
A increased temperature
B decreased enzyme concentrations
C increased activation energy requirement
D decreased diffusion rates
Biology
End of Course Test Review
Organisms
Assessment of this domain will focus on the following:
1. energy is needed by all organisms to carry out processes within the cell
a) understanding how organisms obtain the energy needed to sustain life
Know these: Autotrophs: Heterotrophs:
b) analyzing the processes of energy transformation and conversion within types of organisms, such as plants and animals.
Photosynthesis:
6______+ 6______+ 6______
Light Reactions or light-dependant reactions take place in the ______of the chloroplast. The reactants of the light reactions are ______and ______. They give off ______to the atmosphere and provide the dark reactions with an energy source and a hydrogen atom.
The Dark Reactions or light-independent reactions are also called the ______. They take place in the ______of the chloroplast and create a ______molecule by combining hydrogen from the light reactions and ______from the atmosphere.
Aerobic Respiration: ______+ 6______6______+ 6______+ 36 ATP
Glycolysis takes place in the ______of the cell. It sends pyruvate into the mitochondria to be used in the Krebs Cycle and it creates a net gain of energy of ______ATP.
The Krebs Cycle uses the pyruvate from Glycolysis to move high energy electrons to the electron transport chain. This process creates ______which diffuses out of the cell and ____ ATP molecules.
The Electron Transport Chain uses the high energy electrons from the Krebs cycle and oxygen to create ______ATP molecules and 6 molecules of ______per glucose molecule.
c) explaining how matter and energy are recycled through ecosystems
In an ecosystem, energy is not recycled. It flows from the ______to the ______, to the ______and finally to the ______.
Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and water are recycled in an ecosystem. You should know what these nutrient cycles look like/the steps involved in the cycles.
d) comparing the complexity of organisms to their method of obtaining energy
e) determining how energy is stored and released from the ATP-ADP cycle
2. modern Linnean classification systems are composed of six kingdoms
a) understanding the binomial nomenclature system of organism classification
Scientific name for individual organisms
b) comprehending how scientific discovery leads to the addition of classification groups
c) associating similar organisms by their classification
Eubacteria / Archeabacteria / Protists / Fungi / Plants / AnimalsCell Type / Prokaryote
Unicelluar / Multicellular / Unicellular
Heterotroph/
Autotroph / Can be both
1. In glycolysis, the first stage of cellular respiration, ATP molecules are produced. What is the net gain of ATP molecules (per molecule of glucose) from glycolysis?
A 1
B 2
C 4
D 36
2. One main difference between members of the Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia is the ability to
A obtain energy
B reproduce
C move
D exchange gases
3. The function of chlorophyll in a light reaction is to
A bind CO2 to H2O
B split to produce O2
C trap light energy
D act as a source of CO2
4. A group of prokaryotes that live in extreme environments are the
A viruses
B protests
C eubacteria
D archaebacteria
5. The complexity of body systems differs greatly among organisms. Which of the following organisms has developed organ systems for obtaining and utilizing energy?
A bacterium
B mushroom
C mouse
D virus
6. Scientists have discovered a new species of animal. Which would provide the best basis for classifying this new species?
A DNA comparison
B diet of animal
C habitat of animal
D appearance of animal
7. Which statement is true about viruses?
A They can reproduce.
B They are autotrophs.
C They contain organelles.
D They are living organisms.
Biology
End of Course Test Review
Genetics
Assessment of this domain will focus on the following:
1. DNA and RNA are two molecules essential for the transmission of genetic information
a) comprehending the role of DNA in cellular replication prior to mitosis
b) understanding the roles of DNA and RNA during meiosis
DNA & RNA
Similarities : DNA and RNA are nucleic acids, both are required for manufacturing proteins in the cell, they are made up of strings of nucleotides.
Differences : DNA’s shape is described as a ______and it cannot leave the nucleus of the cell. RNA is ______-stranded and leaves the nucleus. The 4 nitrogen bases found in DNA are ______, ______, ______& ______. RNA also has 4 nitrogen bases, however, instead of ______RNA contains ______
Know how proteins are made in the cell
Describe the following two cellular processes. Be sure to include the following key terms.
Key Terms – Helicase, RNA polymerase, mRNA, tRNA, Codon, Anticodon, Amino Acids Ribosome, polypeptide.
Transcription -
Translation -
Mitosis creates ______diploid daughter cells that are ______to each other and to the parent.
Steps of mitotic division:
2. the laws of genetics, put forth by Mendel, can be used to explain genetic variability
a) analyzing the effects of the law of independent assortment on genetic crosses
b) applying the concepts within the law of segregation to genetic crosses
c) predicting the genotypic and phenotypic outcome of genetic crosses (law of dominant and recessive traits)
T - Tall
t - short
A pea plant that is heterozygous for the tall trait is crossed with a short pea plant. Complete the punnett square for this cross and answer the questions that follow.
A genotype is:
A phenotype is:
What is the phenotypic ratio for this cross? ______
What is the genotypic ratio for this cross? ______
d) evaluating the role of each of these laws throughout the process of meiosis
Meiosis creates ______haploid daughter cells that are ______to each other and to the parent.
Steps of meiotic division:
3. alteration to the genetic material of germ cells can result in variation beyond that explained by Mendelian genetics
a) evaluating the role of genetic variation in successive generations
b) analyzing the possible alterations that can occur during meiosis:
Describe the following types of mutations:
– Insertion:
– Deletion:
– Substitution:
– Nondisjuction:
c) describe mutagenic factors found in the environment
4. sexual reproduction results in genetic variation; asexual reproduction results in offspring identical to their parents
5. DNA technology is changing modern industries
a) evaluating the results of DNA comparisons in forensic sciences
b) justifying the use of gene therapy in medicine
c) predicting the effect of recombinant DNA on agricultural sciences
1. Information on mRNA is used to make a sequence of amino acids into a protein by which of the following processes?
A replication
B translation
C transcription
D transference
2. When an organism has two different alleles for a trait, it is said to be
A recessive
B dominant
C homozygous
D heterozygous
3. What is a source of genetic variation?
A adaptation
B mutation
C respiration
D transpiration
4. Why is it important for the cells of multi-cellular organisms to undergo mitosis?
A Mitosis allows for reproduction with male and female gametes.
B Mitosis increases variation within an organism.
C Mitosis produces cells that are different from the original dividing cell.
D Mitosis produces identical cells to the original dividing cell.
5. Which of the following is the correct base-pairing rule for DNA?
A A-U; C-G
B A-G; T-C
C A-T; G-C
D A-C; T-G
6. A type of mutation that can alter DNA by the loss of a nucleotide base is known as
A substitution
B crossing over
C deletion
D insertion
7. In Mendel’s experiments with a single trait, the trait that disappeared in the first generation and reappeared in the next generation is called the
A homozygous trait
B dominant trait
C recessive trait
D heterozygous trait
8. DNA in an individual’s gametes will most likely be altered before being passed to offspring if exposed to
A x-rays
B loud sounds
C magnetic fields
D extreme temperatures
9. Genetic engineering techniques have been used to produce all of the following effects except
A grow salt-tolerant crop plants
B decrease harvesting time
C make crop plants resistant to disease
D decrease soil nitrogen levels
10. In fruit flies, the gray body color (G) is dominant to the ebony body color (g). What is the genotypic ratio of the offspring of a heterozygous gray female and an ebony male?
A 25% Gg, 75% gg
B 50% Gg, 50% gg
C 75% gray, 25% ebony
D 100% gray
Biology
End of Course Test Review
Ecology
Assessment of this domain will focus on the following:
1. understanding the relationship of the individual to a population, a community, an ecosystem and a biome
Biotic factors are: Abiotic factors are:
Primary Succession is: Secondary Succession is:
Category / DefinitionBiosphere
Biome
Ecosystem
Community
Population
Individual Organism
Population growth rates:
Name and describe these two types of population growth
What are the definitions and examples of density-dependent and density-independent limiting factors?
Know the basic biotic and abiotic factors for each of the following biomes:
Tundra
Tropical Rain Forest
Desert
Grassland
Taiga
Temperate Deciduous Forest
Freshwater
Brackish water/intertidal
Saltwater
2. assessing the flow of energy through an ecosystem and required components of a successful environment
a) food chains
b) food webs
c) energy pyramids
d) nutrient cycling
In an ecosystem, energy is not recycled. It flows from the ______to the ______, to the ______and finally to the ______.
Nutrients like carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and water are recycled in an ecosystem. You should know what these nutrient cycles look like/the steps involved in the cycles.
3. explaining the negative impact humans have had on Earth
a) pollution
b) proposed global warming
c) explosive population
d) pesticide and herbicide usage
e) resource consumption, renewable and non-renewable
4. evaluating the adaptive responses of organisms to their environments
a) plant tropisms
Tropism—
Geotropism—
Phototropism—
Thigmotropism—
b) animal behavior
Innate behavior—
Instincts—
Territorial behavior—
Migration—
Habituation—
Imprinting—
c) survival strategies
Mechanical defense—
Chemical defense—
1. In the food chain below, which population will most likely decrease if snakes are removed from the food chain?
grass à grasshopper à frog à snake à hawk
A grass
B grasshopper