Name: ______
AP World
Key Concept 3.2 -Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions – Part I- Collapsed and Reconstituted Empires
Standard / 4.0 / 3.5 / Not a 3.5 yet80 – 70 points / 69- 55 points / Less than 55 points
Take complete notes of the packet ______/10 points
Complete Graphic Organizer ______/4 points
Assessments-
LEQ______/ 30 points
SAQ_____/16 points
Vocabulary Test _____/20 points
Summarize the following from the College Board in 1-2 sentences
"State formation in this era demonstrated remarkable continuity, innovation and diversity in various regions. In Afro-Eurasia, some states attempted, with differing degrees of success, to preserve or revive imperial structures, while smaller, less centralized states continued to develop. The expansion of Islam introduced a new concept — the Caliphate — to Afro-Eurasian statecraft. Pastoral peoples in Eurasia built powerful and distinctive empires that integrated people and institutions from both the pastoral and agrarian worlds. In the Americas, powerful states developed in both Mesoamerica and the Andean region."[1]
______Part I- Tang China and Byzantine Empire
Vocabulary
Tang Dynasty-
Definition-
Historical Significance-
Civil Service Exams-
Definition-
Historical Significance-
Patriarchy-
Definition-
Historical Significance-
Equal Field System-
Definition-
Historical Significance-
Tributary States –
Definition-
Historical Significance-
Byzantine Empire –
Definition-
Historical Significance-
Justinian-
Definition-
Historical Significance-
Code of Justinian-
Definition-
Historical Significance-
Theme System-
Definition-
Historical Significance-
Caesaropapism–
Definition-
Historical Significance-
Go to the webpage APWorldipedia- Key Concept 3.2 Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions
States that Combined Traditions and Innovations: Case Studies
China
During the classical age, the Han Dynasty found that a bureaucracy of merit made of Confucian scholars was more conducive to running a centralized state than relying on local aristocrats to implement imperial rule. In the post classical age theTang Dynastyreinstated this tradition of using a Confucian bureaucracy in China's political system. The Confuciancivil service examswere brought back, and candidates studied Confucian classics with the hope of meriting an esteemed post in the Chinese government. One effect of reestablishing the civil service bureaucracy was that the cultural content of Confucianism continued to influence Chinese civilizations. For example,patriarchycontinued to be a feature of Chinese society during the Tang Dynasty and traditional social hierarchies were reinforced.
The Tang did not simply copy the accomplishments of the Han. Onto these borrowed traditions they grafted their own innovations. One such innovation resulted from the Tang's attempt to address a problem that crippled the Han during the last centuries of its rule: the unequal distribution of land across society. The Tang developed theequal field systemto prevent peasant land from falling into the hands of the aristocracy, which happens so often during hard economic times. In this system, the government owned all the land but periodically redistributed it to families according to their need. This provided for a fairer distribution of land and a more equitable method of taxation (although the basis for calculating the tax was an issue of intense debate during the Tang.)[2]
Another innovation of the Tang Dynasty was its policy of establishingtributary states. Although earlier Chinese dynasties collected tribute, the practice became more complex and standardized under the Tang. The Chinese tributary system was based on their belief that Chinese civilization was superior to others, but barbarian and non-Chinese people could have access to Chinese ways providing they ceremonially recognized the supremacy of China and paid tribute to the emperor.[3]Thus China could "radiate" its superior civilization to barbarian people around it. In reality, the tributary system was a means for China to control conquered lands that often proved difficult to rule. Chinese dynasties had long tried to project their control over the Korean peninsula; indeed, its long costly war with Korea did much to discredit the Sui Dynasty, the Tang's predecessor. The Tang Dynasty gave its support the theSilla family of Korea to ensure their rule over the entire Korean peninsula, but it cost the Silla their independence. The price China demanded for helping the Silla was that they become a tributary state of the Tang emperor. Each year representatives from Korea traveled to the Chinese capital to purchase their rule with payments of tribute. They returned with Chinese customs, fads, Buddhist writings, clothing fashions, and literature. Through this tributary relationship much Chinese influence made its way into Korea.[4]
In summary, the recovery of Chinese civilization in the post classical era was made possible by building on classical traditions, such as the Confucian civil service bureaucracy, and fusing them with new administrative practices such as the equal field system and the creation of tributary states.
Take notes on the Freemanpedia hand out on the following headings-
Imperial ExaminationsGo to the webpage APWorldipedia- Key Concept 3.2 Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions
States that Combined Traditions and Innovations: Case Studies
THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE
The Byzantine Empire thought of itself as the continuation of Roman civilization, so it was only natural that it would continue and build upon the foundations of classical Rome. One of Rome's most enduring legacies was its system of law. Indeed, even the barbarians who brought down the western half of the empire in the 5th century adopted the system of Roman law to regulate their civilizations. In the surviving eastern half of the Roman Empire the task to update laws and make them relevant to the new situation of Byzantine civilizationfell to the emperorJustinian. Although he technically lived before the post classical age (482-565 CE) his code of laws profoundly influenced the Byzantine empire and constitute the greatest example of the Byzantine Empire building on a tradition of Rome.
As the classical age drew to a close, many of the previous Roman laws were rendered obsolete by changing conditions of the empire. Confusing and contradictory laws hindered the functioning of courts. Moreover, Roman civil law often conflicted with the eastern empire's adopted religion of Christianity.[5]In response to this situation, Justinian commissioned the formation of several bodies of law which are collectively referred to as theCode of Justinian.
Like classical Roman Law, the Code of Justinian gave order and security to a collection of diverse peoples across the breadth of the empire. It punished dishonest tax collectors and encouraged honest trade. "Rape was punished by death and confiscation of property, and the proceeds were given to the injured woman."[6]What was entirely new about the Code was its enactment of Christianity morality into Roman civil law. It enforced the Church's views on divorce, adultery and homosexuality, and the Church's property was protected as a permanent holding. Death, torture and mutilation were common punishments. The Code of Justinian was an innovation but one built upon one of Rome's most successful traditions: law.
Another of the Byzantine Empire's innovations was prompted by a pressing security issue: the advance of Islam on its eastern frontier. Protecting its borders against barbarian incursions was a significant problem for the late Roman Empire, but Islam represented a much more organized front. To counter this threat the Byzantine Empire developed a system of imperial organization called thetheme system. Each theme, or province, was placed under the leadership of a general who organized its administration and defense. Each general was responsible directly to the emperor and he recruited his armies from the free peasants. In return for military service, the peasants were given land. The theme system provided incentives for increased grain production and gave the empire effective and loyal soldiers. Under this system the empire protected its eastern borders and captured additional land in Anatolia and present day Syria.[7]
Unlike most of the era of Western Rome, the Byzantine Empire had an official religion, Orthodox Christianity. To adapt to this circumstance the Empire developed a new model of authority. Beginning with Constantine and extending to the end of the empire, they operated under an ideology calledCaesaropapism, the vesting of political and religious authority under a single figure. Thus the emperor, the political head of state, simultaneously acted as the head of the organized Church. Again, Byzantine civilization innovated to meet the circumstances of the empire's realities.
Overview / Look at the entire visual image- write 1-2 details that explains what is in this image. This is “big picture,” and not a small detail in part of the image.Parts / Why was this made?
Why did this matter in its time period?
Title / Write the title or make one up that goes with the imagine
I can connect / Connect what you see here with:
- What you learned from the packet (notes, lecture video) with at least 1-2 details
- Another region or era of history we studied
Context / Look at the context of the Era from lecture of the beginning of the packet
What is the era, include name and years?
What did people do in this era?
How does this picture fit into the context?
Take notes on the following Prezi- Traditional Sources of Power-
Part II- New form of Government- Islamic States, Mongols, and Sawahili Coast City States
Vocab
Islamic States
Definition-
Historical Significance
Dar al Islam
Definition-
Historical Significance
Bedouins
Definition-
Historical Significance
Caliph
Definition-
Historical Significance
Shia and Sunni Muslims
Definition-
Historical Significance
Umayyad Caliphate-
Definition-
Historical Significance
Battle of Tours
Definition-
Historical Significance
Abbasid Caliphate
Definition-
Historical Significance
Baghdad
Definition-
Historical Significance
The Mongol Khanates
Definition-
Historical Significance
Genghis Khan
Definition-
Historical Significance
Military organization
Definition-
Historical Significance
Arban
Definition-
Historical Significance
Arrow Messengers
Definition-
Historical Significance
Equestrian Skills
Definition-
Historical Significance
Yassa
Definition-
Historical Significance
Kublai Khan
Definition-
Historical Significance
Yuan Dynasty
Definition-
Historical Significance
Swahili Coast City-States
Definition-
Historical Significance
Kilwa-
Definition-
Historical Significance
Great Zimbabwe
Definition-
Historical Significance
Go to the webpage APWorldipedia- Key Concept 3.2 Continuity and Innovation of State Forms and Their Interactions
THE ISLAMIC STATES
A distinctive feature of the post classical period is the rapid rise of Islamic civilization, or theDar al-Islam. A unified civilization seemed an unlikely prospect for the area in which Islam was born. The nomads of the Arabian peninsula (Bedouins) were polytheistic and organized by powerful tribal identities. Conversion to the monotheistic teachings of Muhammad meant that these issues were less likely to hinder cooperation between tribes. One’s ancestral bloodline—once the unifying bond within a tribe—gave way to a new loyalty based on a common faith in one god that brought individuals together regardless of their tribe. As a result, Islam facilitated the rise of empires in areas once characterized by bands of feuding nomadic tribes.
Soon after the death of Mohammed a dispute erupted over who should be the leader of this new religion. Since the idea of another prophet was inconceivable, a "deputy" orCaliphwas chosen to lead the Muslim community. Disagreement over the qualifications of the Caliph led to the split of Muslims intoShiaandSunnifactions. Nevertheless, the Caliph--a leader who presides over the political, religious and military affairs of the Dar al-Islam--became a central feature of Islamic civilization for the majority of Muslims. By bringing these separate components of civilization under a single leader, theCaliphate(the office of the Caliph) had a unifying effect on Islamic civilization.
TheUmayyad Caliphate(661-750) pushed the boundaries of Islam far outside the Arabian peninsula. Umayyad armies conquered the Middle East, spread across North Africa, and into Iberia. Their conquests in Europe were limited to Spain by theBattle of Tours(732) in which the Franks routed the Muslim armies and turned them back across the Pyrenees Mountains. Under the Umayyads the Dar al-Islam was dominated by Arab military elites, and their preferential treatment of Arab Muslims brought them into conflict with the growing non-Arab population of Islamic civilization.[8]
In 750 the Umayyads were overthrown by the Abbasids and a new Caliphate was established. Under theAbbasid Caliphate(750-1258) a wider variety of cultural influences made their way into Islamic civilization, the most prominent of which was Persian. From the Abbasid capital ofBaghdad, the Caliph ruled with absolute authority which he claimed to have received directly from God.[9]Rather than depend on a Arab military aristocracy like the Umayyads, the Abbasids used a salaried bureaucracy; bureaucrats could be promoted or dismissed at the whim of the caliph. They ended the racial policies of the Umayyads; Arabs were no longer favored in the administration of the caliphate and the Arab militias were replaced by a professional Abbasid army of paid soldiers. The nature of the caliph itself was dramatically transformed during the reign of the Abbasids. Rather than the "warrior" caliph of the Umayyads, the Abbasid Caliph lived in splendor and surrounded himself with wealth and elaborate ceremonies. He was an absolute ruler presiding over a centralized bureaucratic state and supported by military force.[10]
Read and take notes on the following article- How Did Sunni & Shia Beliefs About Caliphs Differ?-
By John Green
Although the Sunni and Shiite branches of Islam agree that Muhammad was the messenger of God, they differ sharply on the leadership of the Islamic community after the Prophet's death in 632 C.E. Although the question of who should serve as Muhammad's caliph, or successor, might seem like ancient history to a non-Muslim, the conflicting perspectives on the caliphate actually cast light on broader differences between these two expressions of Islam.
The Caliphate
The words "caliph" and "caliphate" derive from the Arabic "khalifa," the word used to refer to a successor or deputy in the Quran and the Hadith, collections of sayings and incidents from the life of Muhammad. Deciding who should take over for Muhammad after his death was a particularly sensitive matter for the early Islamic community. Not only did the Prophet not leave behind an incontrovertible designation of who should take his place, but Muhammad actually played two roles for the community: he was both the messenger of God and their political leader. Muhammad's immediate successors would occupy similar roles, although the nature of the caliph's religious leadership would become a matter of dispute.
Sunni Caliphs
According to Sunni teaching, Muhammad left the process of determining who would succeed him to the Muslim community to decide by consensus. The community chose the Prophet's close companion Abu Bakr, a man known for his devotion and discernment. The next three caliphs were also former companions of the Prophet. Because of their direct connection to Muhammad and his teaching, Sunni Muslims call his first successors the "rightly guided" caliphs. After the passing of the fourth caliph, Muhammad's son-in-law Ali, the caliphate's authority became more political than religious.
Shia Imams
Shiite belief disputes the validity of the first three caliphs, and the lines of authority diverge after the passing of the fourth, Ali. This stance is what gives this branch of Islam its name, from "Shiat Ali," the faction or partisans of Ali. According to Shiite teaching, the proper line of succession went through Muhammad's family, not community consensus. In this view, the first legitimate successor was Ali, whom they regard as the first in the line of infallible and sinless successors referred to as imams.The martyrdom of the third imam, Muhammad's grandson Husayn, continues to be commemorated by Shiite Muslims on the holiday of Ashura, a period of fasting and reflection previously established by Muhammad.
The Caliphate Today
The caliphate and Shiite imamate each came to an end, but elements continue to evident in Islam today. Different sects within Shiite Islam hold to their own lines of imamate succession, with the largest group being the Twelvers, who believe that Muhammad's last descendant, the twelfth Imam Mahdi, disappeared in the ninth century and will someday return.Although interim religious leaders may not be infallible imams, they nonetheless hold considerable spiritual authority, particularly the revered leaders known as ayatollahs. The caliphate as a political institution faded away and was officially abolished in 1924. However, decision-making through community consensus, or ijma, became a hallmark of Sunni interpretation of religious law.