Perspective / Psychologists
Biological / N/A
Evolutionary / Charles Darwin
Psychoanalytic (Psychodynamic- use more techniques and combination of perspectives) / Freud
Neo-Freudians: Jung, Adler, Horney, Erikson
Cognitive / Piaget, Kohlberg, Gilligan, Beck, Ellis, Chomsky, Whorf
Behavioral/Behaviorism/Behaviorist / Watson, Pavlov, Thorndike, Skinner, Bandura
Humanistic / Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow (Martin Seligman – Positive Psychology)
Sociocultural / N/A

Chapter 1: Thinking Critically with Psychological Science

Wilhelm Wundt / Structuralism
William James / Functionalism
Max Wertheimer / Gestalt – whole greater than the sum of the parts
Freud / Psychoanalysis
John Watson/Thorndike/Pavlov / Behaviorism

Chapter 2: Neuroscience - there are no specific psychologists to remember

Chapter 3: Nature and Nurture - there are no specific psychologists to remember

Chapter 4: Development

Piaget / 4 stages of COGNITIVE development: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
Kohlberg / 3 stages of MORAL development: Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional
Carol Gilligan / Opponent of Kohlberg’s theories (felt he was sexist)
Erikson / 8 stages of PSYCHOSOCIAL development: Trust v. Mistrust, Autonomy v. Doubt, Initiative v. Guilt, Industry v. Inferiority, Identity v. Confusion, Intimacy v. Isolation, Generativity v. Stagnation, Integrity v. Despair
Elisabeth Kubler-Ross / 5 Stages of Dying: Anger, Denial, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance
Mary Ainsworth / Attachment studies, Strange Situation
Harry Harlow / Rhesus monkey studies: contact comfort important
Diana Baumrind / 4 Parenting Styles: Authoritarian, Passive, Permissive, Authoritative (the best one)
Freud / 5 Psychosexual Stages: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital

Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception

Young-Helmholtz / Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision – red, green, blue receptors in retina
Weber’s Law / Just Noticeable Difference, difference Threshold

Chapter 6: Consciousness

Ernest Hilgard / Hidden Observer Effect in dissociation

Chapter 7: Learning (behaviorism)

John Watson / Baby Albert/white rat – classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov / Classical Conditioning
Edward Thorndike / Law of Effect
B.F. Skinner / Operant Conditioning
Garcia & Koelling (Garcia effect) / Biological preparedness in classical conditioning. We are biological prepared to be conditioned for certain things
Albert Bandura / Social Learning, modeling, Bobo doll experiment
Wolfgang Kohler / Insight learning in chimps

Chapter 8: Memory

Hermann Ebbinghaus / Forgetting curve
Elizabeth Loftus / Constructed (false) memories

Chapter 9: Thinking, Language and Intelligence

Noam Chomsky / Language capability innate (born with a language acquisition device)
Benjamin Whorf / Linguistic Relativity – language controls/influences thinking (this idea has been found to be mostly untrue except for the impact of labeling)
Binet / Measure mental age
Terman (at Stanford led to Stanford-Binet) / Revised Binet’s tests
Stern / Devised IQ (intelligence quotient)
Spearman / g – general intelligence
Goleman / Emotional Intelligence
Gardner / Multiple Intelligences

Chapter 10: Motivation

Abraham Maslow / Hierarchy of Needs
Yerkes-Dodson / Arousal Theory

Chapter 11: Emotions, Stress and Health

James-Lange / Physiological arousal precedes emotion
Cannon-Bard / Physiological arousal + cognition = emotion
Schacter Two-Factor Theory / Physiological arousal and cognitive components interact to produce emotion. Explained the cognitive component more to differentiate theory from Cannon-Bard
Selye / General Adaptation Syndrome (3 phase response to stress: 1. alarm 2. resistance 3. exhaustion)

Chapter 13: Psychological Disorders

Rosenhan / Effects of diagnostic labels

Chapter 12: Personality

Freud / Psychoanalytic – defense mechanisms, psychosexual stages
Carl Jung / Collective unconscious; Archetypes, personality traits (intuitive, sensing, feeling, thinking – the basis for Myers-Briggs personality inventory)
Alfred Adler / Birth order; inferiority and superiority complexes
Karen Horney / Women envy; felt Freud was sexist in saying that men have stronger superegos than women
Gordon Allport / Idiographic method: cardinal, central and secondary dispositions or traits specific to individual
Eysenck-Cattell / Nomothetic method: Used factor analysis to identify common traits in all people
Julian Rotter / Locus of control
Carl Rogers / Self Theory - Self-concept; ideal vs. real self; unconditional positive regard
Abraham Maslow / Hierarchy of Needs; top of the hierarchy – self-actualization
Albert Bandura / Social-cognitive theory: reciprocal determinism; self-efficacy
Martin Seligman / Positive psychology
George Kelly (we didn’t talk about him, but know him) / Personal-Construct Theory: people develop their own constructs to understand the world. Based on fundamental postulate – people are influenced by their cognitions.
William Sheldon / Somatotype Theory (3 body types): Endomorphs (fat) are friendly and outgoing, Mesomorphs (muscular) are aggressive, Ectomorphs (thin) are shy and secretive
Barnum Effect (named after PT Barnum) / The tendency for people to believe personality descriptions provided by palm readers, psychics, astrologers, etc.

Chapter 14: Therapy

Pinel and Dix / Advocated humane treatment for mentally ill
Freud / Psychoanalysis: free association, uncover unconscious, transference, resistance
Carl Rogers / Humanistic: Client-centered Therapy using active listening
Fritz Perls (we didn’t talk about him, but know him) / Gestalt/Humanistic Therapy: get in touch with whole selves (even body position) and stressed the importance of the present time
Beck / Cognitive Therapy: used the cognitive triad – beliefs about self, world and future
Albert Ellis / Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT or RET): expose and confront irrational thoughts

Chapter 15: Social Psychology

Leon Festinger / Cognitive Dissonance
Rosenthal / Pygmalion Effect = self-fulfilling prophecy
Sherif / Superordinate goals promote cooperation
Asch / Conformity – the line study
Milgram / Obedience – the shocking experiment
Zimbardo / Stanford Prison Study – role playing