Generality of relationships between leaf pigment contents and spectral vegetation indices
Lea Hallik1, 2, 6, Taras Kazantsev2,3, Andres Kuusk1, Jeroni Galmés4, Magdalena Tomás4, Ülo Niinemets2, 5
1Tartu Observatory, Observatooriumi 1, Tõravere, 61602 Tartumaa, Estonia
2Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, Tartu 51014, Estonia
3Scientific Centre for Aerospace Research of the Earth, Institute of Geological Science, NASU, Gonchara str. 55-b, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
4Research Group on Plant Biology under Mediterranean Conditions, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Carretera de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Illes Balears, Spain
5Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130 Tallinn, Estonia
6Corresponding author e-mail:
Springer Journal – Regional Environmental Change
152 vegetation indices and corresponding references
Barnes, E., Clarke, T., Richards, S., Colaizzi, P.D., Haberland, J., Kostrzewski, M., Waller, P., Choi, C., Riley, E., Thompson, T., et al. (2000). Coincident Detection of Crop Water Stress, Nitrogen Status and Canopy Density Using Ground-Based Multispectral Data. In Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Precision Agriculture, p. [CD Rom].
Blackburn, G.A. (1998). Spectral indices for estimating photosynthetic pigment concentrations: a test using senescent tree leaves. Int. J. Remote Sens. 19, 657–675.
Broge, N., and Leblanc, E. (2001). Comparing prediction power and stability of broadband and hyperspectral vegetation indices for estimation of green leaf area index and canopy chlorophyll density. Remote Sens. Environ. 76, 156–172.
Buschmann, C., and Nagel, E. (1993). In vivo spectroscopy and internal optics of leaves as basis for remote sensing of vegetation. Int. J. Remote Sens. 14, 711–722.
Carter, G.A. (1994). Ratios of leaf reflectances in narrow wavebands as indicators of plant stress. Int. J. Remote Sens. 15, 697–703.
Chappelle, E.W., Kim, M.S., and McMurtrey III, J.E. (1992). Ratio analysis of reflectance spectra (RARS): an algorithm for the remote estimation of the concentrations of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids in soybean leaves. Remote Sens. Environ. 39, 239–247.
Dash, J., and Curran, P.J. (2004). The MERIS terrestrial chlorophyll index. Int. J. Remote Sens. 25, 5403–5413.
Datt, B. (1998). Remote Sensing of Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Chlorophyll a+ b, and Total Carotenoid Content in Eucalyptus Leaves. Remote Sens. Environ. 66, 111–121.
Datt, B. (1999). Visible/near infrared reflectance and chlorophyll content in Eucalyptus leaves. Int. J. Remote Sens. 37–41.
Daughtry, C. (2000). Estimating Corn Leaf Chlorophyll Concentration from Leaf and Canopy Reflectance. Remote Sens. Environ. 74, 229–239.
Féret, J.-B., François, C., Gitelson, A.A., Asner, G.P., Barry, K.M., Panigada, C., Richardson, A.D., and Jacquemoud, S. (2011). Optimizing spectral indices and chemometric analysis of leaf chemical properties using radiative transfer modeling. Remote Sens. Environ. 115, 2742–2750.
Gitelson, A.A. (2005). Remote estimation of canopy chlorophyll content in crops. Geophys. Res. Lett. 32, L08403.
Gitelson, A.A. (2006). Three-band model for noninvasive estimation of chlorophyll, carotenoids, and anthocyanin contents in higher plant leaves. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33, 1–6.
Gitelson, A.A. (2012). Nondestructive Estimation of Foliar Pigment (Chlorophylls, Carotenoids, and Anothocyanins) Contents: Evaluating a Semianalytical Three-Band Model. In Hyperspectral Remote Sensing of Vegetation, J.G. H. Alfredo Thenkabail, Prasad S. Lyon, ed. (CRC Press), pp. 141–166.
Gitelson, A.A., and Merzlyak, M. (1994). Quantitative estimation of chlorophyll- a using reflectance spectra: Experiments with autumn chestnut and maple leaves. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol. 22, 247–252.
Gitelson, A.A., and Merzlyak, M. (1997). Remote estimation of chlorophyll content in higher plant leaves. Int. J. Remote Sens. 18, 2691–2697.
Gitelson, A.A., and Merzlyak, M.N. (1996). Signature Analysis of Leaf Reflectance Spectra: Algorithm Development for Remote Sensing of Chlorophyll. J. Plant Physiol. 148, 494–500.
Gitelson, A.A., Kaufman, Y.J., and Merzlyak, M.N. (1996). Use of a green channel in remote sensing of global vegetation from EOS-MODIS. Remote Sens. Environ. 58, 289–298.
Gitelson, A.A., Kaufman, Y.J., Stark, R., and Rundquist, D. (2002a). Novel algorithms for remote estimation of vegetation fraction. Remote Sens. Environ. 80, 76–87.
Gitelson, A.A., Zur, Y., Chivkunova, O.B., and Merzlyak, M.N. (2002b). Assessing Carotenoid Content in Plant Leaves with Reflectance Spectroscopy. Photochem. Photobiol. 75, 272–281.
Gitelson, A.A., Gritz, Y., and Merzlyak, M.N. (2003). Relationships between leaf chlorophyll content and spectral reflectance and algorithms for non-destructive chlorophyll assessment in higher plant leaves. J. Plant Physiol. 160, 271–282.
Guyot, G., and Baret, F. (1988). Utilisation de la Haute Resolution Spectrale Pour Suivre I’etat des Couverts Vegetaux. In 4th International Colloquium ‘‘spec- Tral Signatures of Objects in Remote Sensing, (Paris: ESA Publication, SP-287), pp. 279–286.
Haboudane, D. (2004). Hyperspectral vegetation indices and novel algorithms for predicting green LAI of crop canopies: Modeling and validation in the context of precision agriculture. Remote Sens. Environ. 90, 337–352.
Haboudane, D., Miller, J.R., Tremblay, N., Zarco-Tejada, P.J., and Dextraze, L. (2002). Integrated narrow-band vegetation indices for prediction of crop chlorophyll content for application to precision agriculture. Remote Sens. Environ. 81, 416–426.
Imanishi, J., Nakayama, A., Suzuki, Y., Imanishi, A., Ueda, N., Morimoto, Y., and Yoneda, M. (2010). Nondestructive determination of leaf chlorophyll content in two flowering cherries using reflectance and absorptance spectra. Landsc. Ecol. Eng. 6, 219–234.
Jordan, C.F. (1969). Derivation of leaf area index from quality of light on the forest floor. Ecology 50, 663–666.
Kim, M.S., Daughtry, C.S.T., Chappelle, E.W., Mcmurtrey, J.E., and Walthall, C.L. (1994). The use of high spectral resolution bands for estimating absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (A par).
Kochubey, S.M., and Kazantsev, T.A. (2007). Changes in the first derivatives of leaf reflectance spectra of various plants induced by variations of chlorophyll content. J. Plant Physiol. 164, 1648–1655.
Liu, J.G., and Moore, J.M. (1990). Hue image RGB colour composition. A simple technique to suppress shadow and enhance spectral signature. Int. J. Remote Sens. 11, 1521–1530.
Maccioni, A., Agati, G., and Mazzinghi, P. (2001). New vegetation indices for remote measurement of chlorophylls based on leaf directional reflectance spectra. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B. 61, 52–61.
Le Maire, G., François, C., and Dufrêne, E. (2004). Towards universal broad leaf chlorophyll indices using PROSPECT simulated database and hyperspectral reflectance measurements. Remote Sens. Environ. 89, 1–28.
Le Maire, G., Francois, C., Soudani, K., Berveiller, D., Pontailler, J., Breda, N., Genet, H., Davi, H., and Dufrene, E. (2008). Calibration and validation of hyperspectral indices for the estimation of broadleaved forest leaf chlorophyll content, leaf mass per area, leaf area index and leaf canopy biomass. Remote Sens. Environ. 112, 3846–3864.
McMurtrey, J., Chappelle, E., Kim, M., Meisinger, J., and Corp, L. (1994). Distinguishing nitrogen fertilization levels in field corn (Zea mays L.) with actively induced fluorescence and passive reflectance measurements. Remote Sens. Environ. 47, 36–44.
Merzlyak, M.N., Gitelson, A.A., Chivkunova, O.B., and Rakitin, V.Y. (1999). Non-destructive optical detection of pigment changes during leaf senescence and fruit ripening. Physiol. Plant. 106, 135–141.
Merzlyak, M.N., Solovchenko, A.E., and Gitelson, A.A. (2003). Reflectance spectral features and non-destructive estimation of chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin content in apple fruit. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 27, 197–211.
Metternicht, G. (2003). Vegetation indices derived from high-resolution airborne videography for precision crop management. Int. J. Remote Sens. 24, 2855–2877.
Mutanga, O., and Skidmore, a. K. (2004). Narrow band vegetation indices overcome the saturation problem in biomass estimation. Int. J. Remote Sens. 25, 3999–4014.
Nicotra, A.B., Hofmann, M., Siebke, K., and Ball, M.C. (2003). Spatial patterning of pigmentation in evergreen leaves in response to freezing stress. Plant Cell Environ. 26, 1893–1904.
Peñuelas, J., Gamon, J.A., Fredeen, A.L., Merino, J., and Field, C.B. (1994). Reflectance indices associated with physiological changes in Nitrogen- and Water-limited sunflower leaves. Remote Sens. Environ. 48, 135–146.
Peñuelas, J., Filella, I., Lloret, P., Munoz, F., and Vilajeliu, M. (1995a). Reflectance assessment of mite effects on apple trees. Int. J. Remote Sens. 16, 2727–2733.
Peñuelas, J., Baret, F., and Filella, I. (1995b). Semiempirical Indexes to Assess Carotenoids Chlorophyll-a Ratio from Leaf Spectral Reflectance. Photosynthetica 31, 221–230.
Richardson, A.D., Duigan, S.P., and Berlyn, G.P. (2002). An evaluation of noninvasive methods to estimate foliar chlorophyll content. New Phytol. 153, 185–194.
Rouse, J.W., and Haas, R.H. (1974). Monitoring vegetation systems in the Great Plains with ERTS. NASA Spec. Publ.
Siebke, K., and Ball, M.C. (2009). Non-destructive measurement of chlorophyll b:a ratios and identification of photosynthetic pathways in grasses by reflectance spectroscopy. Funct. Plant Biol. 36, 857–866.
Sims, D. a, and Gamon, J. a (2002). Relationships between leaf pigment content and spectral reflectance across a wide range of species, leaf structures and developmental stages. Remote Sens. Environ. 81, 337–354.
Thenkabail, P.S., Smith, R.B., and De Pauw, E. (2000). Hyperspectral vegetation indices and their relationships with agricultural crop characteristics. Remote Sens. Environ. 71, 158–182.
Thenkabail, P.S., Mariotto, I., Gumma, M.K., Middleton, E.M., Landis, D.R., and Huemmrich, K.F. (2013). Selection of Hyperspectral Narrowbands (HNBs) and Composition of Hyperspectral Twoband Vegetation Indices (HVIs) for Biophysical Characterization and Discrimination of Crop Types Using Field Reflectance and Hyperion/EO-1 Data. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens. 6, 427–439.
Underwood, E. (2003). Mapping nonnative plants using hyperspectral imagery. Remote Sens. Environ. 86, 150–161.
Vogelmann, J., Rock, B., and Moss, D. (1993). Red edge spectral measurements from sugar maple leaves. TitleREMOTE Sens. 37–41.
Wu, C., Niu, Z., Tang, Q., and Huang, W. (2008). Estimating chlorophyll content from hyperspectral vegetation indices: Modeling and validation. Agric. For. Meteorol. 148, 1230–1241.
Wu, C., Niu, Z., Tang, Q., Huang, W., Rivard, B., and Feng, J. (2009). Remote estimation of gross primary production in wheat using chlorophyll-related vegetation indices. Agric. For. Meteorol. 149, 1015–1021.
Zarco-Tejada, P.J., and Miller, J.R. (1999). Land cover mapping at BOREAS using red edge spectral parameters from CASI imagery. J. Geophys. Res. 104, 27921.
Zarco-Tejada, P., Berjon, A., Lopez-Lozano, R., Miller, J., Martin, P., Cachorro, V., Gonzalez, M., and de Frutos, A. (2005). Assessing vineyard condition with hyperspectral indices: Leaf and canopy reflectance simulation in a row-structured discontinuous canopy. Remote Sens. Environ. 99, 271–287.
Zarco-Tejada, P., Pushnik, J., Dobrowski, S., and Ustin, S. (2003). Steady-state chlorophyll a fluorescence detection from canopy derivative reflectance and double-peak red-edge effects. Remote Sens. Environ. 84, 283–294.
Zarco-Tejada, P.J., Miller, J.R., Noland, T.L., Mohammed, G.H., and Sampson, P.H. (2001). Scaling-up and model inversion methods with narrowband optical indices for chlorophyll content estimation in closed forest canopies with hyperspectral data. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens. 39, 1491–1507.
target / name / link / formulaChla+b / mNDVI8 / Mutanga & Skidmore, 2004 / (R755-R730)/(R755+R730)
Chla+b / mNDVI1 / Mutanga & Skidmore, 2004 / (R755-R745)/(R755+R745)
Chla+b / NDRE / Barnes & Clarke, 2000; Guyot & Baret, 1988 / (R790-R720)/(R790+R720)
Chla+b / -- / Thenkabail et al., 2013; Thenkabail, Smith, & Pauw, 2000 / (R855-R720)/(R855+R720)
Chla+b / ND 780, 712 / Féret et al., 2011 / (R780-R712)/(R780+R712)
Chla+b / IR 708, 775 / Féret et al., 2011 / R708/R775
Chla+b / -- / after Vogelmann, Rock, & Moss, 1993 / (R734-R747)/(R715+R726)
Chla+b / -- / after Vogelmann et al., 1993 / R740/R720
Chla+b / DD (Double Difference Index) / Le Maire, François, & Dufrêne, 2004 / (R749-R720)-(R701-672)
Chla+b / -- / Imanishi et al., 2010 / (R885-R705)/(R725-R705)
Chla+b / -- / Gitelson, Gritz, & Merzlyak, 2003 / (R750-800/R695-740) - 1
Chla+b / -- / Datt, 1999 / (R850-R710)/(R850-R680)
Chla+b / NDVI[705,750] / Gitelson & Merzlyak, 1994 / (R750-R705)/(R750+R705)
Chla+b / -- / Le Maire et al., 2008 / (R935-R715)/(R935+R715+2R405)
Chla+b / -- / Le Maire et al., 2008 / 2R710-R660-R760
Chla+b / -- / Maccioni, Agati, & Mazzinghi, 2001 / (R780-R710)/(R780-R680)
Chla+b / MSR[705, 750] / Wu et al., 2008 / cust 705, 750
Chla+b / -- / Imanishi et al., 2010 / R830/R735
Chla+b / -- / Le Maire et al., 2008 / (R935-R705)/(R935+R705)
Chla+b / NDVIhyper / Gitelson, Kaufman, & Merzlyak, 1996 / (R780-R550)/(R780+R550)
Chla+b / CI red edge / Gitelson, 2005 / (R750/R710)-1
Chla+b / -- / Zarco-Tejada & Miller, 1999 / R750/R710
Chla+b / CI (coloration) / Liu & Moore, 1990 / (R800-R550)/R800
Chla+b / Chl red edge / Gitelson, 2006 / (R760/R708)-1
Chla+b / Chl green / Gitelson, 2006 / (R760/R550)-1
Chla+b / MCARI710 / Wu et al., 2009 / cust 550, 710, 750
Chla+b / -- / Gitelson & Merzlyak, 1997 / R750/R550
Chla+b / SR705 / Sims & Gamon, 2002 / R750/R705
Chla+b / -- / Buschmann & Nagel, 1993 / R800/R550
Chla+b / -- / Gitelson et al., 2003 / (R800/R550)-1
Chla+b / -- / Gitelson & Merzlyak, 1997 / R750/R700
Chla+b / -- / Merzlyak, Solovchenko, & Gitelson, 2003 / R800/R700-1
Chla+b / MCARI/OSAVI [705/750] / Wu et al., 2008 / cust 550, 705, 750
Chla+b / MCARI [705, 750] / Wu et al., 2008 / cust 550, 705, 750
Chla+b / TCARI/OSAVI[670, 800] / Wu et al., 2008 / cust 550, 670, 700, 800
Chla+b / TCARI/OSAVI[705,750] / Wu et al., 2008 / cust 550, 705, 750
Chla+b / -- / Imanishi et al., 2010 / (R555-R755)/R560
Chla+b / -- / Maccioni et al., 2001 / R542/R750
Chla+b / TCARI / Haboudane et al., 2002 / cust 700, 670, 550
Chla+b / MTCI / Dash & Curran, 2004 / (R754-R709)/(R709-R681)
Chla+b / -- / Vogelmann et al., 1993 / D715/D705
Chla+b / mND705 / Sims & Gamon, 2002 / (R750-R705)/(R750+R705-2R445)
Chla+b / -- / Datt, 1999 / D754/D704
Chla+b / PPR / Metternicht, 2003 / (R550-R450)/(R550+R450)
Chla+b / -- / Kochubey & Kazantsev, 2007 / D725/D702
Chla+b / -- / Carter, 1994 / R695/R760
Chla+b / mSR705 / Sims & Gamon, 2002 / (R750-R445)/(R705-R445)
Chla+b / -- / Kochubey & Kazantsev, 2007 / D715/D702
Chla+b / -- / Datt, 1998 / R672/(R550xR708)
Chla+b / -- / Le Maire et al., 2008 / R980-R720
Chla+b / -- / Datt, 1998 / R860/(R550xR708)
Chla+b / -- / Merzlyak et al., 2003 / R800/R640-1
Chla+b / CARI (Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index) / Kim et al., 1994 / cust 550, 670, 700
Chla+b / -- / Carter, 1994 / R695/R420
Chla+b / -- / Gitelson & Merzlyak, 1997 / R752/R690
Chla+b / -- / Le Maire et al., 2008 / (R970-R405)/(R715-R405)
Chla+b / MCARI/OSAVI [670, 800] / Wu et al., 2008 / cust 550, 670, 700, 800
Chla+b / -- / Le Maire et al., 2008 / R970/R710
Chla+b / GI / Zarco-Tejada et al., 2005 / R554/R677
Chla+b / MCARI / Daughtry, 2000 / cust 550, 670, 700
Chla+b / REP LI (REP linear interpolation) / after Guyot & Baret, 1988 / cust 670 780 740 700
Chla+b / VI700 / Gitelson, et al., 2002 / (R700-R670)/(R700+R670)
Chla+b / -- / after McMurtrey, et al., 1994 / R700/R670
Chla+b / OSAVI / Haboudane, 2004 / cust 670, 800
Chla+b / DVI / Jordan, 1969 / R800-R670
Chla+b / -- / Underwood, 2003 / R683/R510
Chla+b / CUR (curvature) / Zarco-Tejada et al., 2001 / (R675*R690)/R683
Chla+b / MSR / Wu et al., 2008 / cust 800, 670
Chla+b / SR680 / Sims & Gamon, 2002 / R800/R680
Chla+b / NDVI[670,800] / Rouse and Haas, 1974 / (R800-R670)/(R800+R670)
Chla+b / -- / Merzlyak et al., 2003 / (R800/R678)-1
Chla+b / ND680 / Sims & Gamon, 2002 / (R800-R680)/(R800+R680)
Chla+b / -- / Jordan, 1969 / R800/R675
Chla+b / NPCI / Peñuelas, Gamon, & Fredeen, 1994 / (R680-R430)/(R680+R430)
Chla+b / BI (brightness) / Liu & Moore, 1990 / (R800+R700+R550)/sqrt(3)
Chla+b / mNDVI / afterSimsGamon, 2002 / (R800-R680)/(R800+R680+2R445)
Chla+b / Rre / Guyot & Baret, 1988 / (R670+R780)/2
Chla+b / mSR / after Sims & Gamon, 2002 / (R800-R445)/(R680-R445)
Chla+b / DPI / Zarco-Tejada et al., 2003 / (D688*D710)/D697^2
Chla+b / NPQI / Penuelas & Filella, 1995 / (R415-R435)/(R415+R435)
Chla+b / TVI / Broge & Leblanc, 2001 / cust 550, 670, 750
Chla+b / MCARI1 / Haboudane, 2004 / cust 800, 670, 550
Chla+b / MCARI2 / Haboudane, 2004 / cust 800 670 550
Chla / -- / Imanishi et al., 2010 / R770/R740
Chla / -- / Imanishi et al., 2010 / (R760-R720)/(R725-R720)
Chla / -- / Datt, 1999 / (R850-R710)/(R850-R680)
Chla / chlNDI / Gitelson & Merzlyak, 1994 / (R750-R705)/(R750+R705)
Chla / -- / Gitelson & Merzlyak, 1994 / R750/R705
Chla / -- / Gitelson & Merzlyak, 1994 / R750/R555
Chla / -- / Gitelson & Merzlyak, 1996 / R750/R700
Chla / -- / Gitelson & Merzlyak, 1996 / R750/R550
Chla / -- / Imanishi et al., 2010 / R645-R615
Chla / -- / Maccioni et al., 2001 / R706/R750
Chla / -- / Imanishi et al., 2010 / (R555-R755)/R565
Chla / -- / Datt, 1999 / D754/D704
Chla / -- / Datt, 1998 / R672/(R550xR708)
Chla / -- / Datt, 1998 / R860/(R550xR708)
Chla / -- / Chappelle, McMurtrey, 1992 / R675/R700
Chla / PSNDa1 / Blackburn, 1998 / (R800-R680)/(R800+R680)
Chla / PSNDa2 / Blackburn, 1998 / (R800-R675)/(R800+R675)
Chla / PSSRa1 / Blackburn, 1998 / R800/R680
Chla / PSSRa2 / Blackburn, 1998 / R800/R675
Chla / NPCI (Normalised Pigment chlorophyll Index) / Peñuelas et al., 1994 / (R680-R430)/(R680+R430)
Chlb / -- / Imanishi et al., 2010 / R810/R730
Chlb / -- / Maccioni et al., 2001 / R556/R750
Chlb / -- / Imanishi et al., 2010 / (R455-R745)/R590
Chlb / PSNDb1 / Blackburn, 1998 / (R800-R635)/(R800+R635)
Chlb / -- / Imanishi et al., 2010 / (R855-R735)/(R855+R735)
Chlb / PSSRb1 / Blackburn, 1998 / R800/R635
Chlb / -- / Imanishi et al., 2010 / (R575-R565)/R845
Chlb / -- / Chappelle et al., 1992 / R675/R650xR700
Chlb / PSNDb2 / Blackburn, 1998 / (R800-R650)/(R800+R650)
Chlb / PSSRb2 / Blackburn, 1998 / R800/R650
Chlb / -- / Bisun Datt, 1998 / R672/R550
Chlb / -- / Imanishi et al., 2010 / (R570-R585)/R720
Chlb / -- / Bisun Datt, 1998 / R860/R550
Car / ND 800, 530 / Féret et al., 2011 / (R800-R530)/(R800+R530)
Car / RI 530, 800 / Féret et al., 2011 / R530/R800
Car / -- / Bisun Datt, 1998 / R672/(R550xR708)
Car / -- / Bisun Datt, 1998 / R860/(R550xR708)
Car / -- / Thenkabail et al., 2013; Thenkabail et al., 2000 / (R550-R687)/(R550+R687)
Car / PSSRc1 / Blackburn, 1998 / R800/R500
Car / -- / Gitelson, 2011; Thenkabail et al., 2013 / (R550-R515)/(R550+R515)
Car / -- / Chappelle et al., 1992 / R760/R500
Car / PSNDc2 / Blackburn, 1998 / (R800 - R500 )/(R800+R500)
Car / PSSRc2 / Blackburn, 1998 / R800/R470
Car / PSNDc1 / Blackburn, 1998 / (R800 - R470)/(R800 + R470)
Car / -- / Merzlyak et al., 2003 / R800/R520-R800/R550
Car / -- / Merzlyak et al., 2003 / R800/R520-R800/R700
Car / CarRedEdge / Gitelson, 2006 / (1/R515-1/R700)xR760
Car / CarGreen / Gitelson, 2006 / (1/R515-1/R565)xR760
Car / CRI700 / Gitelson etal., 2002 / 1/(R510)-1/(R700)
Car / CRI550 / Gitelson, et al., 2002 / 1/(R510)-1/(R550)
Car / CRI700_3bands_m1 / Gitelson, et al., 2002 / {1/(R510)-1/(R750)}-1{1/(R700)-1/(R750)}
Car / CRI550_3bands_m1 / Gitelson, et al., 2002 / {1/(R510)-1/(R750)}-1{1/(R550)-1/(R750)}
Car / CRI700_3bands_m0.75 / Gitelson, et al., 2002 / {1/(R510)-1/(R750)}-0.75{1/(R700)-1/(R750)}
Car / CRI550_3bands_m0.75 / Gitelson, et al., 2002 / {1/(R510)-1/(R750)}-0.75{1/(R550)-1/(R750)}
Chl a/b / -- / Nicotra et al., 2003 / R696/R770
Chl a/b / -- / Siebke & Ball, 2009 / cust 626, 603, 647, 552
Car/Chl / SIPI1 / Peñuelas, Baret, & Filella, 1995 / (R800-R445)/(R800-R680)
Car/Chl / SIPI1a / Blackburn, 1998 / (R800-R445)/(R800-R680)
Car/Chl / SIPI3 / Blackburn, 1998 / (R800-R470)/(R800-R680)
Car/Chl / SIPI2 / Peñuelas et al., 1995 / (r800-r505)/(r800-r590)
Car/Chl / SIPI2a / Blackburn, 1998 / (r800-r505)/(r800-r590)
Car/Chl / -- / Merzlyak et al., 2003 / (R480-R678)/R800
Car/Chl / D681 / Richardson, Duigan, & Berlyn, 2002 / D681
Car/Chl / SRPI (Simple Ratio Pigment Index) / Penuelas & Filella, 1995 / R430/R680
Car/Chl / NDPI1 / Peñuelas et al., 1995 / (R420-R670)/(R420+R670)
Car/Chl / SRPI1 / Peñuelas et al., 1995 / R430/R665
Car/Chl / SRPI2 / Peñuelas et al., 1995 / R690/R705
Car/Chl / NDPI2 / Peñuelas et al., 1995 / (R590-R650)/(R590+R650)
Car/Chl / -- / Merzlyak et al., 2003 / (R500-R678)/R800
Car/Chl / PSRI / Merzlyak et al., 1999 / (R678 - R500)/R750
Car/Chl / NDPI3 / Peñuelas et al., 1995 / (R690-R705)/(R690+R705)