Impacts of industrial polluters on bryophytes: a meta-analysis of observational studies

E. L. Zvereva & M. V. Kozlov

Corresponding author: Elena L. Zvereva, Section of Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland. Email:

Online resource 1: Characteristics of the polluters considered in the meta-analysis.

Location / Country / Pollu-ter type1 / General type2 / Estab-lished in / Emis-sion
data / Annual emissions, × 1000 kg3 / Ex-tent (km)5 / pH im-pact6 / Biome7
SO2 / F / Cu / Ni / Zn / Pb / NOx / others4
Arvida / Canada / Al / Al / 1926 / 2002 / 6720 / 257 / - / - / - / - / 27 / 20 / (B) / BF
Bielawy / Poland / Cem / Cem / 1860 / 1991 / 1036 / 598 / Dust=4000 / 10 / B / TF
Bolesław / Poland / PbZn / NF / 1955 / 1988 / 5400 / <1 / 1 / <1 / Dust=97 / 6 / A / TF
Cheshire, Ohio / USA / Popl / SO2 / 1974 / 1996 / 113357 / 82116 / <20 / (A) / TF
Coniston, Sudbury / Canada / NiCu / NF / 1910 / 1971 / + / + / 180 / + / 24 / As=11 / 50 / N / BF
Copper Cliff, Sudbury / Canada / NiCu / NF / 1929 / 1970 / 2454000 / - / 1635 / 1980 / 130 / 200 / Fe=1703 / 40 / A / BF
Falconbridge / Canada / NiCu / NF / 1930 / 1977/ 1988 / -/59600 / 0 / 114/- / 81/- / . / . / . / Fe=693, As=132 / 40 / A / BF
Flin Flon / Canada / CuZn / NF / 1930 / 1981 / 242650 / 0 / 283 / 9700 / 867 / As=220 / 50 / N / BF
Głogów / Poland / Cu / NF / 1969 / 1991 / 26325 / - / 104 / - / 103 / 122 / Dust=2000
CS2=481 / <30 / A / TF
Gusum / Sweden / Bra / NF / (1661) 1970 / 2002 / <1 / - / <1 / ? / <1 / <1 / 8 / B / TF
Harjavalta / Finland / NiCu / NF / 1945 / 1990, 1993 / 4700 / - / 50 / 7 / 13 / 6 / 180 / As=11 / <8 / A / BF

Kaduna

/ Nigeria / Oil / SO2 / 1980 / <10 / (A) / TS
Kandalaksha / Russia / Al / Al / 1955 / 1991 / 3800 / 1600 / - / - / - / - / 1400 / Dust=5394 / <10 / B / BF
Karabash / Russia / Cu / NF / 1907 / 1990 / 46 900 / 2 / 435 / 1363 / 254 / 100 / Dust=3400
As=75 / 25 / A / BF
Kaybob / Canada / Gas / SO2 / 1968 / 1974/ 2000 / 71000/ 27567 / - / - / - / - / - / (560) / (CO=2760) / 12 / A / BF
Kostomuksha / Russia / Fe / SO2 / 1982 / 1990 / 62200 / - / - / - / - / - / 3400 / Dust=5199 / <10 / B / BF
Krasnouralsk / Russia / Cu / NF / 1932 / 1990/ 1999 / 97400/ 78220 / 874 / -/533 / - / -/987 / 155/ 164 / 1900 / Dust=6100/5176
H2SO4=1333/-, As=482/287 / <80 / A / BF
Kunda / Estonia / Cem / Cem / 1871 / 1991 / 6400 / 1000 / Dust=98900, CO=700 / 15 / B / TF

Online Resource 1(continued)

Location / Country / Pollu-ter type1 / General type2 / Estab-lished in / Emis-sion
data / Annual emissions, × 1000 kg3 / Ex-tent (km)5 / pH im-pact6 / Biome7
SO2 / F / Cu / Ni / Zn / Pb / NOx / others4
Long Harbour / Canada / Phofe / Fert / 1968 / 857 / 21 / Dust=4100 / 15 / B / BF
Lubon / Poland / Phofe / Fert / 1914 / 1980/
1991* / 2806/ 127* / 162/ 3* / 850/
45* / Dust=231* / 10 / A / TF
Monchegorsk / Russia / NiCu / NF / 1939 / 1991 / 196000 / - / 6500 / 5000 / - / - / 6100 / H2SO4=303
Co=97 V2O5=48 / 80 / A / BF
Mozyr / Belarus / Oil / Chem / 1975 / 1991 / 2900 / 300 / Dust=633 / 20 / N / TF
Murdochville / Canada / Cu / NF / 1955 / 1980/ 1994 / 91000/ 43000 / + / -/18 / -/2 / -/1 / -/73 / As=21, Cd=2 / 30 / (A) / BF
Naujoji Akmene / Lithuania / Cem / Cem / 1952 / 1997 / 1000 / - / - / - / - / - / 2000 / Dust=2600 / 3 / (B) / TF
Nikel / Russia / NiCu / NF / 1932 / 1991 / 189800 / - / 92 / 136 / - / - / 600 / 20 / A / BF
Norilsk / Russia / NiCu / Nf / 1943 / 1991 / 2 201 700 / - / 2700 / 1200 / - / (44) / 21 600 / 100 / N / Tu
Novgorod / Russia / Fert / Fert / 1967-69 / 1990 / (570) / 27 / <1 / - / - / <1 / (3260) / NH3=3888 / 20 / B / TF
Novolukoml / Belarus / Popl / SO2 / 1969 / 1989 / 133700 / 15200 / Dust=2512 / ? / (A) / TF
Opole / Poland / Cem / Cem / 1899 / 1971 / + / Dust=2618 / 5 / (B) / TF
Örnsköldsvik / Sweden / Suac / SO2 / 1903 / 1970 / 10000 / <3 / A / BF
Polevskoi / Russia / Crio / Al / 1907 / 1991 / 6500 / 149 / - / - / - / - / 2700 / Dust=4100
HCl=178 / 7 / B / BF
Police / Poland / Chem / Chem / 1969 / 1989 / 6889 / 48 / 1525 / Dust=2037, H2SO4=140, NH3=2486, CO=341 / 10 / N / TF
Puławy / Poland / Fert / Fert / 1966 / 1970 / 30600 / - / - / - / - / - / 17200 / NH3=21910
Dust=14000 / <10 / (B) / TF
RamRiver / Canada / Gas / SO2 / 1972 / 1981 / 20800 / - / - / - / - / - / S=1450 / 15 / A / BF
Revda / Russia / Cu / NF / 1940 / 1989 / 134089 / 1016 / 2610 / - / 1753 / 564 / 1800 / Dust=21900
H2SO4=400
As=639 / 25 / A / BF
Rovno / Ukraine / Fert / Fert / 1969 / 1989 / 5900 / 11 / - / - / - / - / 1800 / H2SO4=106 / 15 / (B) / TF
Strachan / Canada / Gas / SO2 / 1974 / 1981 / 4400 / S=500 / 15 / A / BF
Straumsvik / Iceland / Al / Al / 1969 / 1995 / 1543 / 160 / . / Dust=48 / <5 / N / TU
Svetlogorsk / Belarus / Chem / Chem / 1965 / 1989 / (500) / (1300) / CS2=10466. H2S=1429 / 10 / (N) / TF

Online resource 1(continued)

Location / Country / Pollu-ter type1 / General type2 / Estab-lished in / Emis-sion
data / Annual emissions, × 1000 kg3 / Ex-tent (km)5 / pH im-pact6 / Biome7
SO2 / F / Cu / Ni / Zn / Pb / NOx / others4
Syktyvkar / Russia / Pumi / SO2 / 1964 / 1998 / 813 / 2405 / Dust=2877
H2S=1717
H2SO4=16 / <25 / B / BF
Tomaszów Mazowiecki / Poland / Chem / Chem / 1911 / 1988 / 4252 / 1212 / Dust=187, H2S=395 / 4 / A / TF
Toruń / Poland / Chem / Chem / 1932 / 1990/ 1991* / 848 / 3 / 35* / H2SO4=109 / <10 / A / TF
Trail / Canada / PbZn / NF / 1896 / 1935/ 1994 / 267000/ 15200 / - / - / - / + / -/123 / As=-/16, Cd=-/6 / 100 / A / BF
Wawa / Canada / Fe / SO2 / 1939 / 1971 / 254000 / 50 / A / BF
Włocławek / Poland / Fert / Fert / 1974 / 1992 / 5734 / 1634 / Vinyl chloride = 1341 / 15 / B / TF
Zlatna / Romania / Cu / NF / 1747 / 1993 / 150450 / - / + / + / + / Dust=3498 / 50 / A / TF

1 Polluter type: Al = aluminium smelter, Bra = brass mill, Cem = cement factory, Chem = chemical factory, Crio = criolite factory, Cu = copper smelter, CuZn = copper-zinc smelter, Fe = iron smelter or metallurgical plant, Fert = nitrogen fertiliser factory,Gas = gas plant, NiCu = nickel-copper smelter, Oil = oil refinery, PbZn = lead-zinc smelter/refinery, Phofe = phosphate fertilizer factory, Popl = power plant, Pumi = pulp and paper mill, Suac = sulfuric acid plant.

2 General type (used in meta-analysis): Al = aluminium smelter, Cem = cement factory, Chem = chemical factory, Fert = fertilizer factory, NF = non-ferrous metal smelter, SO2 = sulphur dioxide emitter.

3 Empty cell = data not available; “-” = not emitted in substantial amounts; “+” = emitted in substantial amounts, but numerical estimates not available. Estimates received indirectly, e.g. by multiplying regional emission by contribution of a certain polluter, are given in brackets.

4 Other substantial pollutants (>10,000 kg annually).

5 Distance from the polluter to the clean control. The sign “<” is used where control was presumably selected far away from the external border of the impact zone. If the study reported an area of the impact zone, in transformation to distance we assumed that the impact zone was circular.

6 General pH impact of the polluter to the environment during the years of data collection (A = acid, B = alkaline, N = neutral). Brackets are used when the pH data are not available, and the direction of the impact is presumed on the basis of the emission data.

7 Vegetation zone: BF = boreal forest or taiga, TF = temperate broadleaf deciduous forest, TS = tropical savannah, TU = tundra. Classification follows Woodward (2003).

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