Questions on Muscular System
I – Define
- motor unit
- all –or- none law
- muscle twitches
- fused or complete tetanus
- muscle fatigue
- oxygen dept
- isotonic contraction
- isometric contraction
- muscle tone
- aerobic exercise
- resistance exercise
II- Mention in short
-types of muscles and characters of each
- functions of tendons
- functions of muscles
- ways of producing graded muscle contraction
- methods of regenerating ATP during muscle activity, its energy source, need for oxygen, its products and duration of energy provision.
- causes of muscle fatigue
- types of muscle contractions
- the 5 golden rules of skeletal muscle activity
- the most common types of body movement and what does each mean
- special movements in the Foot and Hand
- criteria used for Naming skeletal muscles
- muscles of mastication
- muscles may be used for injection
- muscles of abdominal girdle
III- Complete
- the essential functions of muscles is ------
- the ------attaches skeletal muscles directly to bone
- nearly three-quarters of energy of contraction escapes as ------
- skeletal muscles accounts for at least------of body mass
- the tiny contractile unit of muscle is called------
- muscle proteins are------and------
- thin filaments are composed of protein called------
- the arrangement of the ------produce the striation in skeletal muscles
- the junction between axonal terminal and sarcolemma is called------
- the gap between nerve ending and sarcolemma is called------
- the axonal terminal contains vesicles filled with------,in neuromuscular junction it is ------
- if enough ACh. is released, muscle membrane become permeable to ------
- inward rush of sodium generates an electric current called an ------
- ACh. is broken down by ------
- Examples of aerobic exercise are ------and ------
- ------exercise result in stronger, more flexible muscle with great resistance to fatigue
- ------exercise results in enlargement of muscle cell
- muscle attachment to the movable bone is called------while attachment to less movable bone is called------
- combination of flexion, extention, abduction and adduction is called------
- circumduction is commonly seen in ------joints
- the muscle responsible for a particular movement is called------while the muscle that opposes or reverse the movement is called------
- the muscle that raise the eyebrows is called------while that closes the mouth is called------
- when both ------muscles contract neck is flexed, but if one only ,the head is rotated toward the------
- muscles between the ribs are called ------,the external are used for------while the internal are used for------
- elbow flexion is caused by------while extention is caused by------
- the group of muscles that extend the knee is called------
- toe dancer.s muscle is------,it is inserted in the ------through ------tendon
- without exercise, muscles will------but with vigorous exercise, they -----
- flexion is opposite to------
- abduction is opposite to------
- movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis is called------
- movement of a limb away from midline is called------
- continuous partial muscle contraction is called------
- the ability of muscle to receive a stimulus is called ------while its ability yo shorten is called------
- the large muscle that covers the upper part of the chest is called------
- the muscles forming the mass of muscles of the posterior thigh is called------
while those of anterior thigh is called------
- the very safe site for intramuscular injection is ------
- examples of muscles with more than one origen are------
IV- put True or False
- In isometric contraction, the muscle shortens
- Bending the knees is an example of isotonic contraction
- axonal terminal never touch muscle cell membrane
- tendons are mostly tough collagenic fibers
- muscle contraction is vital for maintaining normal body temperature
- without nerve stimulation, no muscle contraction occur
- once begun, the action potential is unstoppable
- one nerve impulse produce only one contraction
- muscle cell relaxes until stimulated by another round of ACh.
- all-or-none law applies to the whole muscle
- contraction become stronger and smoother due to successive (summed) contraction
- strength of contraction depends on the number of muscle fibers stimulated
- muscles store of ATP is very limited
- ATP is the only energy source of muscle activity
- oxygen dept must be paid back weather or not fatigue occurs
- aerobic exercise does not cause much increase in muscle size
- rectus means straight
- resistance exercise leads to increase in number of muscle fibers
- kicking of football is done by contraction of ------
Table A Table B
( )-Quadreseps a-proper site for injection
( )-Gluteus medius b-prime mover for elbow flexion
( )-Biceps brachii c-one muscle for mastication
( )-Sternocledomastoid d-flex the head
( )-Maseter e-extends the knee
f- toe –dancer muscle
Questions on the Nervous system
I-Define
- proprioceptors
- irritability
- conductivity
- polarized membrane
- cranial nerve
- spinal nerve
- acetylcholine
- vagus nerve
II- Mention in short
- the three overlapping functions of the nervous system
- the very important system in homeostasis
- structural classification of nervous system
- functional classification of nervous system
- classification of the motor nervous system
- the two principle types of nerve cells and function of each
- common structure of neuron
- the complex receptors
- the simple receptors
- structural classification of neurons
- the lobes of cerebral hemisphere
- importance of central sulcus as anatomical landmark
- parts of brain stem
- structures that control CNS from outside to inside
- types of meninges
- centers present in medulla oblongata
- the names of spinal nerve plexuses
- differences between somatic and autonomic nervous systems
- body structures that receive only sympathetic fibers
- organs supplied by ANS
III- Complete
- the master controlling and communicating system is------
- the second system important in body homeostasis
- the nerve fibers that convey impulses from sensory receptors to CNS is called ------while that carry it from CNC to effector organs called------
- the effector organs in our body are------and------
- nervous system under voluntary control is called------while that involuntary is called------
- ANS is subdivided into ------and------
- supporting cells in CNS are called------
- the nerve cell that carry impulses is called------
- the cell body of neuron contains the usual organelles except------
- neuron processes that convey messages toward thje cell body are called------while that conduct it away from cell body are------
- all axons branch at their terminal end to form ------,these contain vesicles that contain chemicals called------
- the axonal terminal is separated from the next neuron by a tiny gap called------
- the whitish, fatty material that covers long nerve fibers is called------
- axons outside the CNS are myelinated by ------cells
- clusters of cell bodies in CNS is called------while that outside it called------
- neuron processes running in CNS are called------while that outside it called--- the CNS is composed of------and------
- white matter consists of ------while grey matter of------and------
- cell bodies of afferent and association neurons are always found in------
- the two major functions of neurons are------and------
- when the inside of neuron is more positive and the outside is less positive ,the case is called------
- adequate stimulation of neuron opens the ------in its membrane
- reflexes that regulate involuntary muscles and glands are called------while those stimulate skeletal muscles are called------
- the first appearance of nervous system is called------,its anterior end begins to expand at the ------week
- the central canal of the neural tube enlarges in four regions of the brain called-----
- elevated ridges on brain surface are called------while depressions are called------
- the cerebral hemispheres are separated by deep fissure called------
- the relay station for sensory impulses in the brain is called ------
- the------hangs from the anterior floor of hypothalamus
- the ------are knots of capillaries within each ventricle, it forms CSF
- the ------plays a role in consciousness and the awake/sleep cycles
- the------controls balance and equilibrium
- CSF returns to the blood through ------
- the most inferior part of the brain stem is called------
- the number of spinal nerves is------pairs
-the collection of spinal nerves at the inferior end of vertebral canal is called------
- the best site for GSF tapping is below------
- spinal nerve is formed by fusion of ------
- spinal nerve ,after being formed, divides into ------
- the only cranial nerve that extends to thorax and abdomen is------
- most cranial nerves are ------,there are three pure sensory , they are ------
- the external eye muscles are supplied by cranial nerves ------
- muscles of facial expression are supplied by------
- the ventral rami of some spinal nerves form network of nerves called------
- the outermost layer of meninges is------
- the spinal cord extends from------to------lumber vertebra
- the motor subdivision of the PNS that controls activities automatically is called---
- the autonomic nervous system is subdivided into ------
- the sympathetic division is also called------while parasympathetic is called---
- fight –or- flight system is ------while house keeping is------
- the first cranial nerve is------while the seventh is------
- the second cranial nerve is ------while the VIII is------
IV- Put True or False
- myelin increases the transmission rate of impulses
- cell bodies of afferent neurons are always found in ganglia outside CNS
- the plasma membrane in inactive neuron is polarized
- the nerve impulse is all-or-none response
- until repolarization occurs, a neuron cannot conduct another impulse
- transmission of an impulse is only electrical event
- some reflexes involve only spinal cord
- some reflexes involve the brain
- grey matter in the brain is deep
- the ANS is also called involuntary nervous system
- CSF is continuously moving
- the fourth ventricle of the brain is continuous with the central canal of spinal cord
- the blood-brain barrier is the least permeable capillaries in the body
- meningeal covering do not end at L2
- there is no possibility of damaging the cord below L3
- the central canal of spinal cord contains CSF
- grey matter of spinal cord surrounds the central canal
- cranial nerves primarily serves head and neck
- spinal nerve and both rami are mixed nerves
- the arms of ANS serve the same organ but has opposite effects
- the parasympathetic fibers are cholinergic
- sympathetic fibers are adrenergic
- the last area of the brain to mature is hypothalamus
- neurons die throughout life are not replaced
- brain growth ends in young adults
- maternal and environmental factors may impair embryonic brain development
IV-Match table A with table B
Table A( )-thalamus Table 1-control balance and equilibrium
( )-hypothalamus 2-plays a role in the awake/sleep cycles
( )-brain stem 3-crude recognition of sensation
( )-cerebellum 4-plays a role in temperature regulation
( )-postcentral gyrus 5-primary motor area
6-primary sensory area
TableA ( )-olfactory TableB1-extends to thorax and abdomen
( )-oculomotor 2-purely sensory
( )-facial 3-supplies muscles of facial expression
( )-vagus 4-branch of cervical plexus
( )-phrenic 5-supplies eye muscles
6-spinal nerve
TableA Table B
( )-Olfactory nerve a-activates facial muscles
( )-Vagus b-first cranial nerve
( )-Trigeminal c-nerve of hearing and equilibrium
( )-Vestibulococlear d-supplies thoracic and abdominal viscera
( )-Facial e-fifth cranial nerve
f-motor nerve for the tongue
Questions on Special senses
I-Define the following
- cataract
- glaucoma
- fundus examination
- conjunctiva
- cornea
- sclera
- choroids
- pupil
- fovea centralis
- photoreceptors
- color blindness
- lens
- aqueous humur
- vitreous humur
- optic disc
- blind spot
- deafness
II- Mention in short
- parts of lacrimal apparatus
- accessory structures of the eye
- sense receptors in the body
- nerves that supply external eye muscles
- tunics of the eyeball
- fluids in the eyeball
- visual pathway
- anatomy of the external ear
- anatomy of the middle ear
- anatomy of the inner ear
- nerves that carry taste sensation
- differences between rods and cones
- passage of light through the eye
- kinds of deafness
- presbyopia
- presbycusis
III- Complete the following
- Anteriorly , the eye is protected by------
- medially and laterally, eyelids meat at
- anteriorly, the choroids is modified to form ------and------
- the optic nerve leaves the eyeball at------
- the anterior segment of the eye contains a clear watery fluid called------while the posterior segment is filled with------
- the eye is divided into two segments (chambers ) by------
- the aqueous humor is reabsorbed into venous blood through------which is located at the junction of------and------
- fundus of the eye is examined by------
- the outermost tunic of the eye is------
- the transparent window in the sclera is called------
- the only tissue that can be transplanted without rejection is------
- the tunic that prevent light from scattering is ------
- muscles in the iris is arranged ------and ------
- in close vision and bright light,------muscles of iris contract leading to ------of the pupil, while in distant vision and dim light the ------muscles contract leading to ------of the pupil
- cones are more in the ------of the retina while cones are more in the------
- the spot of sharpest vision is ------,it contains only------
- inability to see at night is called ------,it is related to deficiency of ------
- increased intraocular pressure is called------
- opacity in the lens is called------
- intraocular pressure is measured by------
- the interior of the eye is examined by------
- the posterior wall of the eye seen by ophthalmoscope is called------
- the ability of the eye to focus close objects is called------
- the ------is involved in both equilibrium and hearing
- the earwax is secreted by------glands
- the ------is related to hearing while ------is related to static equilibrium and------is related to dynamic equilibrium
- the ------is the nerve concerned with hearing and equilibrium