YOGIVEMANAUNIVERSITY: KADAPA
DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
Date: 18-02 2009
From To
Dr. D. Vijaya Raghava Prasad,Prof. M.N. Reddy
Department of Microbiology,Department of Microbiology,
YogiVemanaUniversitySri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam,
Kadapa.Tirupati – 517 502 (A.P.)
Dear Sir,
Please find enclosed III and IV Semester M. Sc. Microbiology syllabus, after incorporating necessary corrections suggested by you. This is for your kind information and approval.
Thanking you,
Yours faithfully,
(Head Dept. of Microbiology)
SEMESTER – I
Paper – I
MBT 15061: General Microbiology
UNIT – I:
A). History and scope of Microbiology: Discovery of Microorganisms, Theory of spontaneous generation, germ theory of diseases; Major contribution and events in the field of microbiology, importance of microorganisms in human welfare.
B). Study of microorganisms: Microscopy – principles and applications of light, phase– contrast, dark–field, fluorescent, scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Confocal microscopy. Preparation of microbiological samples for microscopy–simple and differential staining, special and structural staining. Negative – contrast staining for virus samples.
C). Systematic position of the microorganisms in the living world:- Five kingdom classification, Carl Woes classification; taxonomy - nomenclature, taxonomic ranks, major characteristics used in identification and classification: morphological, physiological, ecological, genetic and molecular. (16hrs)
UNIT – II
A). Structure and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
B). Physical and chemical approaches for sterilization and disinfection (control of Micro organisms by heat, radiation, pH, pressure, filters, chemical agents and safety precautions). Concepts of containment facility.
C). Microbiological media: Types of media – natural and synthetic media (basal, defined, complex, enrichment, selective, deferential and transport media). (14 hrs)
UNIT – III:
A). Isolation, cultivation and enumeration of microorganism: Approaches for obtaining pure cultures form different samples,(enrichment, dilution plate, streak plate, spread plate and micromanipulator) cultivation of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms continuous, batch, synchronous and stock cultures, enumeration and measurement of growth of microorganisms.
B). Methods of identification and characterization of microorganisms by staining techniques – simple, negative differential, capsular, spore, flagellar staining. Giemsa staining and AFB, (Acid Fast Bacilli), lactophenol mounts for fungi. Preparation of tissue for thin sectioning (fixation, dehydration, infiltration, embedding and sectioning).
C). Maintenance and preservation of microbial cultures: (sub culturing technique, sterile soil or sand preservation, glycerol, deep freezing, liquid paraffin oil, drying and freeze drying). (18 hrs)
UNIT – IV:
A). Introduction to Mycology: systematic position and classification of fungi.
General characters, structure, reproduction, life cycles and economic importance of:
i). Myxomycotina:-Physarium, Plasmodiophora
ii). Mastigomycotina:-Synchytrium, Phytophthora, Albugo
iii). Zygomycotina :- Mucor, Rhizopus, Pilobolus.
iv). Ascomycotina:- Structure, reproduction, molecular and biotechnological aspects of
yeasts, general account of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Neurospora, Claviceps.
v). Basidiomycotina:-Punccinia, Ustilago, Agaricus
vi). Deoteromycotina: - Alternaria, Fusarium, Colletotrichum, Trichoderma etc.,
B). General Account classification, structure and reproduction of algae (Chlorella,Senedesmus, Geladiella,Gracellaria, Nostoc and Anabena) Economic importance of algae.General account of Protozoa. (16 hrs)
References:
1.Alexopoulus CJ and C W. Mims.(1993).Introductory Mycology(3rd edition).Wiley
Eastern Ltd, NewDelhi.
2. Bernard D. Davis. Renato Dulbecco. Herman N. Eisen.and Harold, S. Ginsberg.
(1990).Microbiology (4thedition).J.B.Lippincott company, Newwork.
3. Bergys Manual of Determinative Bacteriology(9thEdition), Williams and Wilkins,Baltimore
4. Black, J.G. (2005). Microbiology: Principles and Explorations, John Wiley, USA
5. Becker, E.W., (1994) Micro algae: Biotechnology and Microbiology, Cambridge
University Press
6. Dube R C and Maheswari D. K (2000) General Microbiology. S. Chand, New Delhi
Mc Graw-Hill Publishing company Ltd, New Delhi.
7. Elizabeth Moore-Landecker. (1996). Fundamentals of the fungi.(4th edition).Prentice
Hall International,Inc, London.
8. East West (1999) Introductory Phycology by H.D Kumar. 2nd ed. Press.
9. Heritage, Evans E.G.V. and Killington, R.A. (1996). Introductory Microbiology.
CambridgeUniversityPress.
10. Holt, J.S., Kreig, N.R., Sneath, P.H.A and Williams, S.T. Bergey’s Manual of
systematic Bacteriology incomplete.
11. John Webster (1993). Introduction to Fungi.(2nd edition).CambridgeUniversity
press,Cambridge.
12. K. Talaro and A. Talaro (1996) Foundations in Microbiology 2nd ed. Wm. C. Brown Publ.
13. Larry Mc Kane.and Judy Kandel (1996). Microbiology-Essentials and applications.
(2nd edition). Mc FrawHill Inc, New York.
14. Mehrotra RS and Aneja K R (2007) An Introduction to Mycology. New age
international Publishers.
15. Madigan MT Martinkl.J.M and Parker J (2000). Brock Biology of Micro
organisms.(9th edition).MacMillan Press, England.
16. Madigan et al (1997) Brock Biology of Microorganisms 8th ed., Prentice-Hall
International, Inc.
17. Nester, E.W., Roberts, C.V. and Nester, M.T. (1995). Microbiology, A human
perspective. IWOA, U.S.A.
18. Pelczar Jr, M.J. Chan, E.C.S. and Kreig, N.R. (1993). Microbiology, Mc. Graw Hill.
Inc, New York.
19. Prescott LM Harley JP and Klein DA (2007). Microbiology (7th edition) McGraw
Hill, New York.
20. Probisher, H., Hinsdil, R. D., Crabtree, K.T. and Goodhert, D.R.. Fundamentals of
Microbiology, Saunder and Company, London.
21. Paulie Lourie and Susanwells (1997) Microorganisms, Biotechnology and Diseases:
Students Book. CambridgeUniversity Press
22. Pawar, C.B. and Daginawala, H.F. (1986). General Microbiology Vol I & II (2nd
Ediation), Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai.
23. R.M. Atlas Wm. C. Brown (1997). Principles of Microbiology. 2nd ed. Publ.
24. Sullia, S.B. and Leaderberg J (1998). General Microbiology, Oxford & IBH
Publishing Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
25. Schaechter M and Leaderberg J (2004). The Desk encyclopedia of Microbiology.
Elseiver Academicpress, California
26. Salle,A.J. (1996). Fundamental principles of Bacteriology.(7th edition).Tata
McGraw-Hill publishingcompany Ltd, NewDelhi.
27. Stanier, R.Y., Adelberg, E.A. and Ingram, J.L. (1991). General Microbiology, 5th Ed.,
Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
28. Singh, P.K. dhar, D W., Pabbi, S. Prasanna R., Arora A (2001) Recent Advances in the Exploitations of Blue Green Algae and Azolla, National center for Conservation
of Blue Green Algae, IARI, New Delhi.
SEMESTER – I
(Part –II)
MBT 15062: Bacteriology and Virology
[60 – 64 hrs]
UNIT – I
A). Morphological types- cell walls of archaebacteria, Gram positive Gram negative bacteria and L-forms; antigenic properties; capsule types, composition and function., Cell membrane- structure, composition and properties.
B). Structure and function of flagella, cilia, pili, gas vesicles, chromosomes, carboxysomes, magnetosomes, phycobilisomes, nucleoids, spores and cell division. Reserve food materials- polyhydroxybuterate, polyphosphate granules, oil droplets, cyanophycin granules and sulfur inclusions. (16hrs)
UNIT II
A). Salient features and classification of bacteria as per the second edition of Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology.
B). Characteristics, classification and economic importance of major bacterial groups: Enterobacteriae, Rickettsiae, Mycoplasma, Mycobacteria, oxygenic and anoxigenic photosynthetic bacteria and actinomycetes (as per First edition of Bergey’s manual).
(12hrs)
UNIT III
A). Brief outline on discovery nature and properties of viruses, Chemical composition of viruses, morphology, architecture, principles of symmetry with reference to T4, TMV, Adeno Polio, Influenza, Rhabdo, Reo and HIV. Nucleic acid diversity, sub viral particles, satellite viruses, viroids, virusoids. DI particles and prions.
B). Taxonomy of viruses: classification and nomenclature of viruses, as per ICTV.
c) General methods of detection, Isolation, cultivation, characterization and assay / qualification of plant, animal and bacterial viruses. (18hrs)
UNIT IV
A). Life Cycles of bacterial viruses; one step growth curve, lytic and lysogenic cycles with reference to T4, and X 174. Importance of Phages.
B). Replication strategies of viruses (TMV, CaMV.) and animal viruses (Adeno, Influenza, Herpes, SV 40, Hepatitis, and Retro viruses).
C). Transmission management on plant and animal viral diseases (interferon, antiviral drugs, and vaccines). (18 hrs)
Reference:
1. Atlas, RM., (1998) Microbiology, Fundamentals and Applications (IIed)
Macmillan Publishing Company.
2. A. Balows, A.G. Thuper, M. Dworkes, W. Harder, (1991) The Prokaryotes, K.
Schleifer, Springer Verleag, Publ.
3. A. J. Salle A Fundamental principles of Bacteriology Publ.
4. Alan J.Cann (1997). Principles of Molecular virology.(2nd edition).Academic
press,California.
5. Bergey’s Manual 2nd Ed. “Systemic Bacteriology” 2001-2005
6. Brock T.D. and Madigan MT Biology of Microorganisms, Princtice Hall, Int.
7. Bernard D. Davis. Renato Dulbecco. Herman N. Eisen.and Harold, S. Oinsberg.
(1990). Microbiology (4th edition).J. B. Lippincott Company, New York.
8.Conrat HF, Kimball PC and Levy JA. (1988). Virology. II edition. Prentice
Hall,EnglewoodCliff, NewJersey
9. Dimmock NJ, Primrose SB. (1994) Introduction to Modern Virology IV edition.
Blackwell ScientificPublications, Oxford.
10.Flint, S.J., Enquist, L.W., Krung, R. Racaniello, VR. and Skalka, A.M. (2000).
Principles of Virology ASM Press.
11. Frankel-Conrat et al 1994 Virology: 3rd ed., Prentice-Hall.
12. Gunsales and Stainer, The bacteria I-IV volumes, Academic Press.
13. Granoff A and Webster RG (1999). Encyclopedia of Virology Vol I, II and III San
Diego Academic Press.
14. J.L. Lengeler et al., 1998. Biology of the prokaryotes Blackwell Science Publ.
15. Knipe, DM et al (eds.) 2001 Fields Virology Vol I, Lippincott Williams and
Wilkins.
16. Molecular Biology, pathogenesis and control, ASM Press, WashintonD.C.
17. Nicklin,J.Greame-Cook.and Killington, R. (2003). Instant Notes in
Microbiology.(2nd edition).Viva Booksprivate limited,NewDelhi.
18. Preacott, et al. Wm. C Brown 1999. Microbiology, 3rd Edition, Harley & Klein
Publ.
19. Palczer, Chan E.C.S, Kreig N.R., (1986) Microbiology Tata McGraw-Hill Publ.
20.Roger Hull (2002). Mathews' Plant Virology.(4thEdition).Academic press-A
Harcourt Science andtechnology company,New York.
21.Robert I.Krasner (2002). The microbial challenge:Human Microbe
Interactions.American society forMicrobiology,Washington.
22. Ram Reddy S and Reddy SM (2007) essentials of Virology Scientific Publishers
(India) Jodhpur.
23. S.B. Sullia, Oxford (1999) General Microbiology, IBH Publishers.
24. Stainer RY., Inghram J.L., Wheelis M.S., Painter P.R (1999) General
25. Tom Parker, Leslie, M. and Collie, H. (1990). Topley & Wilson’s Principles of
Bacteriology, Virology andImmunity (VIII Edition).
26. M. Burrows. Text Book of Microbiology
27. Waginer and M. Hewlett, 1999. Basic Virology, Blackwell Science Publ.
28. Williams, Baltimore, (1984), Bergey’s Manual of Systemic Bacteriology I-IV
Volumes.
SEMESTER – I
(Part –III)
MBT 15063: Biological Chemistry
[60 – 64 hrs]
UNIT – I
A). Introductions of biomolecules: Classification of carbohydrates: outline, structure and properties of mono, di and oligosaccharides and their identification and analysis. Structure, occurrence and biological significance of polysaccharides: (starch, cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycons).
B). Building blocks of lipids, classification of lipids, fatty acid-physico chemical properties, separation, distribution in nature, characterization and specification and iodine number. Nomenclature, outline, structure, properties ad functions of glycerides, neutrallipids (waxes, fats and oils) phospholipids, spingophospholipids and glycolipids. Steroids- plantsterol, ergosterol, stigmosterol and cholesterol. Lipoproteins- classification composition and important features of bacterial lipids. (16 hours)
UNIT – II
A). Amino acids: Essential amino acids, non essential amino acids. Peptide bond, peptides of non protein origin (glutathione, tyrosedine, gramicidin, valinomycin), Acid – base properties of peptides, chemical properties and chemical synthesis of peptides.
B). Proteins – classification, physico – chemical properties and biological functions of proteins Structural organization 1o, 2o, 3o & 4o and supra molecular level of organization. Ramachandran plot. Sequencing of amino acids in peptides. Structural & function relationship of proteins, denaturation, renaturation (hemoglobin, RNase)and evolution of proteins.
C). Nucleic acids: types and their composition, structures of purines, pyrimidines, modified bases, nucleosides, nucleotides and polynucleotides; properties of bases and functions of nucleotides; types and structural polymorphism of DNA and RNA: denaturation and renaturation of nucleic acids, factors influencing hybridization, cot values. (16 hours)
UNIT – III
A). Enzymes: Classification, nomenclature and chemical nature of enzymes Assay of enzymes kinetics of enzyme catalyzed reaction – Michalis –Menten equation, determination of V max, Km, K cat and their significance. Line weaver-Burk plot. Factors effecting enzyme Activity (concentration, pH temperature, concentration of enzyme and substrates on rate of enzyme catalyzed reactions).
B). Enzyme inhibitions active site, identifying functional groups essential for catalyses. Factors contributing to the catalytic efficiency (proximity orientation, steric hindrance, covalent catalysis) general acid base catalytic, factors of strain in enzyme catalysis Mechanism of action of lysozyme, chymotripsin. RNase, Regulatory enzymes – non covalently regulated enzymes allo – steric enzymes covalently regulated enzymes, isozymes, ribozymes and abzymes.Enzyme purification – methods of isolation purification. Recovery and yield of enzymes. Criteria for testing (purity of enzyme preparations and characterization of enzymes). (17 hrs)
UNIT – IV
A). Principles of Bioenergetics, laws of thermo dynamics, enthalpy, entropy, concept of free energy, chemical equilibrium. Energetics of ATP and other high energy compounds, oxidation and reduction reactions. Measurement of redox potentials, electron carriers in bacteria and mitochondria. Chemi–osmotic theory, biological energy transducers, respiration limited proton translocation and bioluminescence. (15hrs)
Reference:
1. Christopher K. Mathews andVan Holde, K.E. (1996). Biochemistry.(2nd
edition).The Benjamin/Cummings publishing company Inc.
2. CONN,STUMPF, Outlines of Biochemistry (5th edition)BRUENING & DOI.
3. David E. Metzler and Carol M. Metzler (2001). Biochemistry-The chemical
reactions of living cells-Vol1&2.(2nd edition).Harcourt/Academic press, New York.
4. Donald Voet and Judith G. Voet (1995). Biochemistry – Second Edition. John Willey
and Sons, Inc.
5. Geofferey, L and Zubay (1998). Biochemsitry. (Fourth Edition) Wm. C. Brown
Publishers.
6. Jeremy M.Berg. John L. Tymoczko and Lubert Stryer (2002). Biochemistry.(5th
edition).W.H.Freeman andcompany, New York.
7. Lubert Stryer.(1995). Biochemistry.(4th edition). W.H. Freeman and company,
New York.
8. LEHNINGER (2000)Prniciples of Biochemistry, 3rd edition, NELSON &COX (Worth)
Publ.
9. MARTIN, MAYER & RODWELL Harper’s Review of Biochemistry.
10. Reginald, H., Garret & Charles M. Grishm. (1998). Biochemistry (Second Edition)
SaundarsCollegePublishing.
11. SMITH,HILL, LEHMAN, Principles of Biochemistry: General aspects LEFKOWITZ,
HANDLER & WHITE.
12. Thomas M. Devlin. (2002). Textbookof Biochemistry with clinical correlations.(5th
edition).A John Wileyand sons,Inc.,publication,New York.
13. Trudy McKee and James R.McKee. (1999). Biochemistry-An Introduction.(2nd
edition).WCB McGraw-Hill,U.S.A
14. U. Satyanarayana U.Chakrapani (2005) Biochemistry, 3rd Edition, Books and allied
Publications.
15. Zubay, G. (1998). Biochemistry WCB. McGraw-Hill, Iowa.
SEMESTER – I
MBT 15064: Biophysical and Analytical Techniques
[60-64hrs]
(Part –IV)
UNIT – I
A). Buffers and measurement of pH, Ionization, Pka, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation (standard hydrogen electrodes), types of electrodes and biosensors. Viscosity and viscometer, Osmosis: Osmosis in relation to molecular size and molecular weight. Osmometer, Cell disruption methods-freezing and use of liquid N2.
B). Concentration of Bimolecules: Salting out with ammonium sulfate, flash evaporation, lyophilization, dialysis, hallow fibre membranes, membrane filtration and their applications. (14 hrs)
UNIT – II
A). Basic principles of Centrifugation - Preparative centrifugation – differential, isophycnic and equilibrium, Isodensity centrifugation analysis of sub Cellular reactions, assessments of homogeneity Analytical ultra centrifugation and its applications. (Molecular weight determination, estimation of purity Detection of conformational change)
B). Chromatography techniques:-principles methodology and applications of chromatography (paperchromatographs circular, ascending descending types, Rf value)
liquid – solid chromatography (TLC) and Gas – liquid chromatography Methods based on charge: Ion – exchange chromatography: principle, types of exchange, supporting media, exchanger. Automatic amino acid composition, determination and other applications.
C).Methods based on size: Gel – permeation chromatography affinity Chromatography, High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and FPLC. (18 hrs)
UNIT –III
A). Spectroscopic techniques: - principles of spectroscopy, laws governing light absorption (Beer –Lamberts Law) Instrumentation and biological applications:- colorimetry, spectrophotometry, Basic principles of IR Spectroscopy, Atomic absorption spectroscopy, electron Spin – resonance spectroscopy, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. (12hrs)
UNIT – IV
A). Electrophoresis:- Ion movement in electric field, electrophoretic process, different tank systems, supporting media (starch, paper, acryl amid, Agarose. Agarose – Acrylamide). Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (slab), Disc,– SDS-PAGE, native gels. Iso electric focusing; two – dimensional gel electrophoresis, Immuno electrophoresis, , Denaturing gels for RNA Separation, determinations of molecular weight, pulse field electrophoresis.
B). Blotting techniques: Southern, Western and Northern blots - methodology and application.
C). Radio Isotope Techniques: Half life, detection and measurement of radioactivity GM counter, liquid scintillation counter, gama-ray counters, Cerenkov counting and autoradiography; quenching and quench correction; laboratory safety measures in handling isotopes; biological cal uses of radioisotopes. (20 hrs)
Reference Books:
1. Avinasu, Kakoli, Nirmalendu Nath, UPHADYAM, 4th relied ed. July 2007.
Himalaya publishing house.
2. B.L. Williams and K. Wilson (Edward Arnold) A Biologists’s guide to principles and
Technuques of practical biochemistry, 2nd edition. Ed.
3. C.R. Cantor and P.R. Schimmel, W.H. Freeman & Co., NY., Biophysical Chemistry.
4. David Freifelder, (1982) Physical Biochemistry: Applications to Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, 2nd ed. H. Freeman and company.
5. David J. Holmes and Hazel peck. Analytical biochemistry Publ.
6. Drewer Pesec, AJ. And As worth, R.B. Experimental techniques in Biochemistry.
7. Ed. John M. Wriggles worth Biochemical research technique (A practical
Introduction. Publ)
8. Ed. J.A Glasel and M.P. Deutscher, (Academics Press), 1995. Introduction to
Biophysical Methods for Protein and Nucleic Acid Research.
9. Iain D. Campbell and Raymond A. Dwek, the Benjamin/Cumming Pub. Co.,
California, London., Biological Spectroscopy.
10. K. Wilson and J.Walker (1995) Practical Biochemistry: Principles and Techniques 4th
ed. CambridgeUniversity Press.
11. K.E. Vanholdem W.C. Johnson, P.S. Ho, (Prentice Hall), 1998.
12. P.J. Wheatly (Oxford Clarenders Press) 1968, The determination of Molecular
Structure.
13. R.B. Setlow and E.C. Pollard (Addison Wiley Publishing Co. USA) 1962, Molecular
Biophysics.
14. R.F. Boyer (1993) Modern Experimental Biochemistry. 2nd ed. The Benjamin
Cummings Publ. Company.
15. S.K. Sawhney and Randhir singh (2000) Introduction to Practical Biochemistry (ed.)
Narosa Publ. House.
16. S. Sadasivam and A. Manikam (1992) Biochemical Methods for Agricultural
Sciences. Wiley Eastern Ltd.
17. S.J. Morris and P. Morris Separation methods in biochemistry (Pitman).
18. Terrance G. Cooper. The tools of Biochemistry (wiley)
19. W.W Umbrit and R. H. Burris (Burgens), Manometer and biochemical techniques
20. W.Hoppe, W. Lehman Hi. Maskal and H. Ziegler (Springer Verlag, Berlin) 1983,
Biopysics.
MBP: 15061P – General Microbiology Bacteriology and Virology
- Microbiological laboratory safety measures
- Sterilization Methods
a. Physical and chemical methods
b. Phenol coefficient method (Redial-Walker test)
- Preparation of different media for cultivation of bacteria and fungi
- Plating techniques – streak plate, spread plate methods
- Enumeration of Bacteria by serial dilution viable count
- Isolation and enumeration of bacteria and fungi from soil
- Isolation of bacteria from diseased plant leaf
- Isolation of fungi from plant leaves and seeds
- Slide culture technique
- Hanging drop experiment for bacterial mobility
- Study of morphological features of bacteria, fungi and algae
- Microbiological staining techniques
Simple, Gram, negative, spore, capsular, acid fast and Lacto phenol – cotton blue staining
- Isolation of Bacteriophage from sewage water
- Growth phases of phage and burst size one step growth curve
- Cultivation of viruses in embryonated Eggs: different routes of inoculation
- Sap transmission of a plant virus
- Aphid transmission of a plant virus
- Graft transmission of plant virus
- Virus inclusion bodies (slides)
- Determination of thermal death point of Bacteria
- Biochemical tests - IMVIC Tests; catalase; oxidase; coagulase, amylase, urease; gelatin hydrolysis; oxidation – fermentation tests; sugar fermentation; triple sugar iron test; H2S test.
Suggested books/manuals.
- Microbiological Applications: Laboratory Manual in General Microbiology, 7th ed. By J. Benson.
- Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual. 4th edition. By J.G. Cappucciono and N. Sherman.
- Experiments in Microbiology, Plant Pathology, Tissue culture and Mushroom cultivation. 3rd edition. By K.R. Aneja.
- Practical Microbiology, 2002 by R.C. Dubey and D.K. Maheshwari.
- Laboratory Manual in Microbiology, 2000. By P. Gunasekaran.
- Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology by Johnson.
- Laboratory Manual in Microbiology by Alcamo.
- Virology – A Laboratory Manual, 1992. By Burleson, et al., Academic Press.
- Virology Methods Manual, 1996. B.W.J. Mahy and H.O. Kangro. Academic press.
- A Laboratioy Manual. By SM Reddy and S Ram Reddy Sri Padmavathi Publications, Hyderabd.
Laboratory Experiments in Microbiology