Name______Period_____ Date______
Technological and Environmental Transformations to c. 600 BCE
Chapter 3: The Mediterranean and Middle East, 2000-500 B.C.E.
I. Terms-Identify and explain the significance. Make flashcards or use Quizlet to complete- http://quizlet.com/
Iron Age
Hittites
Hatshepsut
Akhenaten
Ramesses II
Hyksos
Minoan
Mycenae
Shaft graves
Linear A
Linear B
Neo-Assyrian Empire
Ashur
Mass deportation
Library of Ashurbanipal
Israel
Hebrew Bible
First Temple
Monotheism
Diaspora
Phoenicians
Carthage
Murex snail
Phoenician Triangle
Neo-Babylonian kingdom
II. Questions / Answers: 1-2 sentences for most answers1. What does the story of Dido tell us about the spread of culture and civilization? / · Highlights spread of cultural patterns from older centers to new regions as Dido fled from Tyre to create a new city called Carthage
· Exemplifies the common migration and resettlement of Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age people in the Mediterranean lands and W. Asia
· Shows that people were constantly moving and thus spreading their cultures
2. What were the motivations behind migrations of peoples in antiquity? / · People wanted to migrate to increase trade, conquer other lands, and gain more resources
3. The island of Crete was home to one of the first Aegean civilizations, the Minoans. What was the legend of King Minos and the Minotaur? Brief facts only! / · King Minos required human sacrifices to feed to his pet Minotaur, 7 boys and 7 girls
· Theseus offered to go as a sacrifice; had the help of Minos’s daughter, Ariadne, to defeat the Minotaur (Ariadne gave him a spool of thread to find his way back from the labyrinth)
4. What do the frescoes in the Minoan palaces depict? How are they different from the artwork of the Middle East? What does this represent? / · The Minoan frescoes are very happy and cheerful and depict people having boundless energy to go and do fun things or show scenes of nature
· On the other hand the artwork of the Middle East was more warlike and focused more on the propaganda of making rulers/ civilizations look more powerful
· This shows that the Minoans, who formed their civilization on an island pretty much secluded from others except in trade, were generally peaceful and not concerned with expansion and conquest, unlike the civilizations of the Middle East like the Assyrians
5. How did the Egyptian New Kingdom differ from the earlier periods? / · Since the New Kingdom arose after expelling the Hyksos, the New Kingdom was much more warlike and aggressive
· Wanted to conquer new lands and territories
· First attacked Nubia
6. Although there are legends of King Minos, there is no evidence of Cretan political control of the mainland of Greece. Is there evidence of a cultural influence? Explain. / · The Mycenaeans borrowed Minoan idea of the palace, centralized economy, and administrative bureaucracy
· Adopted Minoan writing system, techniques of architecture, pottery making, and fresco and vase making
7. What were the possible reasons for the fall of the Late Bronze Age Mycenaean civilization? / · Political and economic systems collapsed
· Palaces and citadels were destroyed, which ended power of the ruling class
· Technique of writing was forgotten
· People escaped to other areas that avoided destruction
8. What was a major “weapon” in the Assyrian Empire’s arsenal that involved many people? Explain / · Use of chariots and cavalry gave an advantage to Assyrians
· When on horseback or in a chariot there is a lesser chance of getting hit because you are constantly moving (provided speed and mobility) and it confused enemies
9. The King was at the center of the Assyrian Empire. Explain. / · The king symbolized the center of the Assyrian universe
· All land belonged to him
· All people including high-ranking officials were servants
· Believed that gods chose king to rule as earthly representative
· A lot of propaganda secured support for the king
10. Explain the significance of the development of Jewish/Israeli monotheism. / · All other cultures were polytheistic
· One of the only cultures to have one supreme god
· God’s name, Yahweh, could not even be written down
11. What is the significance of the Phoenician alphabet? / · Each symbol represented a sound
· About a dozen symbols
· Had only consonants, leaving reader to infer vowel sounds
· Greeks added vowel sounds and created first alphabetic system of writing
12. What did Carthaginian foreign policy reflect? / · Reflected economic interests
· Protection of sea lanes, access to raw materials, and fostering trade mattered most to dominant merchant class
· Carthage literally claimed western Mediterranean as its own
· Foreign merchants could sail to Carthage to market goods, but if they tried to operate on their own they would be sunk by Carthaginian navy
· Treaties between Carthage and other states included formal recognition of this commercial monopoly
II. Complete the following chart. Do not use complete sentences.
Civilization / Egypt / Assyrian / Minoan / Mycenaean / Israel / PhoenicianGovernment System / · Pharaoh as ruler; seen as god
· Priests of very high status as well / · Ruler seen as having been chosen by gods; all people were his servants
· All land belonged to him
· King was center of the universe / · Kings ruled over citizens
· Centralized government / · Not much known; tablets say little about political and social structures
· No mention of a king / · Unified monarchy
· David strengthened royal authority by making Jerusalem the capital / · Broken into city-states
· Two “judges” were elected from upper class families each year to serve as heads of state and carry out administratve/judicial functions
· Senate were people of leading merchant families who sat for life
· Inner ring of 30 senators made crucial decisions
· Leadership had an Assembly of citizens to elect public officials/vote on important issues
Technology-Military and Non-Military / · Potter’s wheel; weaver’s loom / · Chariots and horseback riding helped conquer other areas / · High-quality indoor plumbing
· Boats / · Huge fortified citadels provided refuge in times of danger
· Shaft graves-deep rectangular shafts containing the deceased; rounded by courtyards
· Created writing form Linear B which used pictorial signs to represent syllables
· Boats / · First Temple (created by Solomon)-not really a technology, but a very significant construction because it strengthened the link between religious and secular authority and became a major pilgrimage site
· Chariots made Israel a regional power / · Created Phoenician alphabet based off of sounds
· Oared warships
Economy based on… / · Gold; bronze; semi-precious metals / · Iron; silver / · Pottery; jewelry / · Grain production; wool; pottery / · Gold; silver
· Obtained gold, precious stones and spices from trade / · Raw materials (cedar and pine, metals, incense, papyrus)
· Foodstuffs (wine, spices, salted fish)
· Luxury goods (textiles, carved ivory, glass)
Status of Women / · Slightly inferior to men but relatively equal in terms of other civilizations (women had more rights than most others) / · Not mentioned / · Not mentioned, but women might have been seen as powerful due to their ability to reproduce; this is shown by how idols of women with animals represent fertility images (also shows power over animals) / · Not mentioned / · Provided a vital portion of goods and services sustaining family
· As a result were respected and enjoyed relative equality w/ husbands, but couldn’t divorce or inherit property
· Some women reached positions of influence (e.g. Deborah the Judge who led troops in battle against Canaanites) / · Not mentioned
Role of Civilians / · Constructed monumental architecture such as pyramids; farmers; merchants; scribes / · Famers; worked in the army; used to invoke fear (e.g. were thrown into fires); merchants; scribes / · Farmers; fishermen; servants; merchants / · Farmers, shepherds; scribes; built shaft graves, and citadels; merchants / · Building program est. by Solomon employing slaves and the compulsory labor of citizens / · Scribes; merchants; farmers; fishermen
Themes / Egypt / Assyrian / Minoan / Mycenaean / Israel / Phoenician
Theme 2:
Development and Interactions of Cultures / · Encounter with Hyksos made Egypt more belligerent
· Began invading more places such as Nubia
· Got technologies of chariot and composite bow from the Hyksos / · Long distant trade routes to Asia / · Due to its location on an island, did not have much contact with outside world
· Traded with Greek mainland
· Overtaken by Mycenaeans / · Traded with Mediterranean islands and the Middle East
· Was more interested in conquering new areas, as shown by the massively fortified citadels / · Israel became divided with Israel in the north and Judah in the south and were sometimes fighting, sometimes allied
· After Israel was destroyed new settlers came from Syria, Babylon, and Iran, which changed the area’s ethnic , cultural, and religious character / · King Hiram formed an alliance with Israelite king Solomon, and as a result gained access to silver food, and trade routes to east and south
· Overseas settlement provided outlet for excess population, new sources of trade goods, and new trading partners
Theme 3:
State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict / · Overcame Hyksos to begin the New Kingdom
· Invaded Nubia
· Had a draw in fight with Hittites / · Assyrians had large campaigns to gain more land eastward across the steppe and desert to the Mediterranean, north into Urartu, east across Zagros range, and south along the Tigris R.
· / · Were relatively peaceful (had no fortifications at palace sites or paintings depicting war)
· Eventually conquered, probably by the Mycenaeans / · Were a warring people who conquered more land in the Greek mainland and the island of Crete
· Eventually overtaken by invaders / · David initiated a string of military victories to expand Israel’s borders
· Israel and Judah fought together against the Neo-Assyrian Empire but were destroyed / · Expanded into Mediterranean which led to conflict with Greeks
· Rivalry w/ Greeks over Sicily
· Carthage drawn into series of wars with Greeks and Romans
Theme 4:
Creation, Expansion, and Interactions of Economic Systems / · Hatshepsut sent an expedition to Punt to open up a new trade route and find myrrh / · Important trade routes in W. Asia
· Dominated a huge expanse of land = more resources especially silver/iron
· Created the 1st true empire / · Traded w/ Greek mainland and Mediterranean/ Middle East (found on mainland and in other parts of the Mediterranean and Middle East) / · Traded w/ the rest of the Greek mainland and Mediterranean/ Middle East (pottery found on mainland and in other parts of the Mediterranean and Middle East) / · Traded with Saba in S. Arabia or the Horn of Africa / · Traded with western Mediterranean
· Carthage’s navy dominated the western Mediterranean
· Also traded w/ sub-Saharan Africa
Theme 5:
Development and Transformation of Social Structures / · Pharaoh -> priests -> upper class aristocracy
-> scribes -> merchants; artisans -> peasants / · King -> officials -> soldiers ; aristocracy-> scribes -> peasants / · Unknown, although palaces can be found hinting that kings presided over Crete(such as King Minos) / · Ruler -> aristocracy; high officials -> peasants / · Ruler -> Temple priests -> aristocracy -> merchants; artisans -> peasants
· Lived in extended families / · King -> leading merchant families -> scribes -> peasants