Chapter 3
TYPOLOGIES OF CRIME AND MENTAL DISORDERS
Test Bank
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Typologies are used in:
a. Everyday life
b. Hospitals
c. Schools
d. The Criminal Justice and Mental Health Systems
e. All of the above
2. Typologies are useful because they:
a. Reduce phenomena to more systematic observation.
b. Help to formulate hypotheses and guide research.
c. Make theory more manageable so that they can be applied to practical aspects of everyday life.
d. Inform policy and practice and influence popular understanding of complex concepts.
e. All of the above.
3. According to the text, the concept of “mental disorder” is problematic because:
a. The term implies a distinction between mental and physical disorder that ignores the connection between the mental and physical.
b. Virtually all major mental disorders are myths used to keep the powerful in power and the powerless perpetually defeated.
c. The term is defined in different ways by different people.
d. Most mental disorders are applied only to men.
e. Both a & c.
4. Research on mental disorder and crime suggests that:
a) Most mentally ill offenders engage in some form of criminal behavior over the course of their lifetimes.
b) Serious mental illness renders a person unable to form actus reus which is a necessary component of the legal definition of crime.
c) Certain risk factors, some of which may be associated with specific mental disorders, are associated with criminal behavior.
d) Mental disorder may play a role in conjunction with other influences as a contributing factor to explain criminal behavior.
e) Both c & d.
5. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is an example of a:
a) Biological Typology
b) Legalistic Typology
c) Psychological Typology
d) Multi-trait Typology
e) Both a & c.
6. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is in its _____ edition:
a. 1st
b. 2nd
c. 3rd
d. 4th
e. 8th
7. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders assumes:
a) Complete Homogeneity
b) Compete Heterogeneity
c) Complete Exclusivity across categories
d) That the classification system is exhaustive and that there are no human behaviors that fall outside of the categories listed
e) None of the above
8. The very first attempt to collect data about mental illness in the United States began with one category in:
a. 1760
b. 1840
c. 1910
d. 1956
e. 1987
9. This first attempt to collect data about mental illness in the United States began with the single category/type:
a. Idiocy/Insanity
b. Dementia
c. Epilepsy
d. Mania
e. Melancholia
10. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders was originally based on the:
a) Organized/Disorganized Typology
b) International Classification of Diseases
c) Merck Manual
d) Crime Classification Manual
e) Periodic Table
11. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is organized around a:
a) Categorical approach to understanding human behavior
b) Dimensional approach to understanding human behavior
c) Multiaxial system that involves assessment on 3 axes
d) Multiaxial system that involves assessment on 5 axes
e) Both a & d
12. Where are detailed descriptions of clinical disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders?:
a) Introduction
b) Axis 1
c) Axis II
d) Axis III
e) Appendix
13. Schizophrenia is a ______in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders:
a) Clinical Disorder
b) Personality Disorder
c) General Medical Condition
d) Psychosocial and Environmental Problem
e) None of the above
14. _____ Antisocial Personality Disorder is listed in which of the following sections of the DSM IV-TR?
a) Axis 1
b) Axis II, Cluster A
c) Axis II, Cluster B
d) Axis II, Cluster C
e) None of the above
15. Which of the following disorders have been associated with criminal behavior?:
a) Substance use disorders
b) Sexual disorders
c) Conduct disorder
d) Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
e) All of the above
16. The Crime Classification Manual is designed (in terms of organization) to be similar to the:
a) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM)
b) Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
c) Homicide Investigative Tracking System (HITS)
d) National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
e) Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (VICAP)
17. Suppose you’re at a party and someone says to you, “You know, you’re classifiable under Axis II, Cluster B,” they’re really saying that you:
a) Are psychotic.
b) Are a paraphiliac
c) Possess antisocial, borderline, histrionic, or narcissistic personality disorder
d) Are a serial killer
e) Have a mood disorder
18. ______developed the organized-disorganized typology.
a) Brent Turvey
b) Walter Langer
c) Steve Egger
d) FBI Profilers from original Behavioral Sciences Unit
e) David Canter
19. The process of identifying types in the social sciences is based on:
a) The Linnean Classification of Plants
b) The International Classification of Diseases
c) Einstein’s Theory of Relativity
d) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
e) None of the Above
20. In his classic 1941 book The Mask of Sanity, Psychiatrist Hervey Cleckley offered case studies of clients who were psychopaths. Based on his work with these clients, he came up with a typology of the psychopath which he contrasted with other human conditions such as “criminality,””psychosis,” “genius,” and so on. Cleckley’s typology of the psychopath is an example of an:
a) Legalistic Typology
b) Sociological Typology
c) Psychological Typology
d) Empirical Typology
e) Biological Typology.
21. The Massachusetts Treatment Center Rapist (MTC: R) and Child Molester Typology (MTC:CM) are based on extensive studies of known rapist and child molesters to identify characteristics that statistically cluster to create homogeneous types and subtypes of rapists and child molesters. The MTC:R and MTC:CM typologies are an example of an:
a) Empirical Typology
b) Ideal Typology
c) Biological Typology
d) Mixed Typology
e) Both a & b.
22. The ______has been described as the best designed study ever done on violence risk assessment involving over 1000 psychiatric patients.
a) Massachusetts Treatment Center Study
b) FBI Sexual Homicide Study
c) National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime Research Study
d) The Macarthur Study of Mental Disorder and Violence
e) Wofgang Cohort Study
23. Axis II, Cluster B personality disorders are distinguished from Cluster A and C personality disorders by which of the following descriptive features:
a) Individuals with these disorders appear odd or eccentric
b) Individuals with these disorders appear dramatic, emotional, or irrational
c) Individuals with these disorders appear anxious or fearful
d) Individuals with these disorders appear out of touch with reality and hallucinogenic
e) None of the above
24. Which of the following terms best describes Cluster A disorders in Axis II of the DSM-IV-TR?
a) Dramatic, emotional, erratic
b) Odd or eccentric
c) Anxious or fearful
d) None of the above
e) Both b & c.
25. Histrionic Personality Disorder can be found in ______of the DSM-IV-TR?
a) Axis I
b) Axis II, Cluster A
c) Axis II, Cluster B
d) Axis II, Cluster C
e) Axis III
26. The ______type of sexual homicide offender in Meloy’s typology of sexual homicide has an Axis I diagnosis of Sexual Sadism.
a) Compulsive
b) Catathymic
c) Power Reassurance
d) Fledgling
e) Visionary
27. The ______type of sexual homicide offender in Meloy’s typology of sexual homicide has an Axis I diagnosis of Mood Disorder.
a) Compulsive
b) Catathymic
c) Anger Excitation
d) Fledgling
e) Visionary
28. Which of the following serial murderer typologies was developed/discussed by Eric Hickey (2002) in his book Serial Murderers and Their Victims?:
a) Hedonistic/Visionary/Power-Control/Mission
b) Compulsive/Catathymic
c) Traveling/Local/Place-specific
d) Power Assertive/Power Reassurance/Anger Retaliatory/Anger Excitation
e) Predatory/Affective
29. William Sheldon’s Body Type Theory is an example of a:
a) Biological Typology
b) Legalistic Typology
c) Psychological Typology
d) Sociological Typology
e) Multi-trait Typology
30. Which of the following is an example of a legalistic typology?:
a) Uniform Crime Reports
b) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
c) r/K Theory
d) Organized/Disorganized Typology
e) None of the above
31. Typologies that have been developed to describe types of prisoners and their adaptive modes are examples of what type of typology?
a) Biological Typology
b) Legalistic Typology
c) Psychological Typology
d) Sociological Typology
e) Multi-trait Typology
32. Which of the following was offered in the text as an example of a multi-trait typology?:
a. Cleckley’s typology of the psychopath
b. Lykken’s classification of criminal types
c. The Crime Classification Manual
d. Uniform Crime Reports
e. Miethe & McCorkle’s Crime Profiles
33. Scientific typology construction differs from everyday classifications in that:
a. Scientific typologies tend to be based on stereotypes and observational errors.
b. Scientific typologies involve systematic investigation and empirical support.
c. Scientific typologies are useful, everyday classifications are not.
d. Scientific typologies deny individual uniqueness.
e. All of the above.
34. A typology based on eye color would yield groups of people who are similar with respect to the color of their eyes, but the group would be ______with respect to hair color, body type, personality style, economic status, education, and other factors.
a) Heterogeneous
b) Homogeneous
c) Mutually Exclusive
d) Exhaustive
e) Eclectic
35. A ______is a discrete (either/or) category or type.
a) Classification
b) Dimension
c) Taxon
d) Profile
e) Ratio
36. When a psychologist forms the impression that particular personality types exist based on observations in clinical practice the psychologist has developed a:
a) Ideal Type
b) Empirical Type
c) Stereotype
d) Racial Profile
e) Both a & b
37. ______are constructed describing patterns that exist in the real world through multivariate statistical methods:
a) Ideal Types
b) Empirical Types
c) Stereotype
d) Racial Profiles
e) Both a & b
38. Which of the following best describes the proper order of the four stages involved in typology construction used in the development of the Massachusetts Treatment Center Rapist and Child Molester typologies?:
a) Theory Formulation, Validation, Integration, and Implementation.
b) Theory Formulation, Implementation, Validation, and Integration.
c) Implementation, Validation, Integration, and Theory Formulation
d) Validation, Integration, Theory Formulation, and Implementation
e) Integration, Theory Formulation, Implementation, and Validation
39. A criminal typology is ______if it can be said to describe a category of offending consisting of offenders or behaviors that are the same with respect to principle unifying dimension and purpose.
a) Homogeneous
b) Heterogeneous
c) Taxonomic
d) Mutually Exclusive
e) Exhaustive
40. A criminal typology is ______if it can be said that none of the categories overlap (e.g., a person cannot be classified in more than one category of crime).
a) Homogeneous
b) Heterogeneous
c) Taxonomic
d) Mutually Exclusive
e) Exhaustive
True/False
41. _____A typology is the same thing as a stereotype.
42. _____Typologies are theories made manageable.
43. _____Classifications are rarely truly homogeneous -- most are based on relative homogeneity and the identification of a set of defining criteria that all members of the group share.
44. _____In the real world there is no such thing as a homogeneous category or type in which all members are the same and do not possess features of any other group.
45. _____Mental disorder and criminal behavior are distinct concepts that sometimes overlap.
46. _____The criminal justice and mental health systems share similar goals and objectives.
47. _____When people speak of “mental disorder” this term encompasses an enormous range of human behavioral symptoms and conditions ranging from everyday problems in living to severe psychopathological disturbances.
48. _____Most people who are mentally ill do not commit crimes.
49. _____The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders comes from the perspective that the dimensional model is superior to the categorical perspective in clinical practice and in stimulating research.
50. _____The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders is based on the medical model.
51. _____Studies involving rapist typologies have found that victims of “confidence” attacks need different services than victims of “blitz” attacks because victims of “confidence” rapes engage in a greater degree of self-blame that needs to be addressed through aftercare services.
52. _____The dimensional view of personality holds that a person can possess different levels and characteristics of a disorder along a continuum.
53. _____Pregnancy is an example of a taxon.
54. _____Knight & Prentky’s (1990) typology for classifying sex offenders illustrates the use of both the inductive and deductive approach to typology construction.
55. _____Criminal typologies that are heterogeneous have the potential to impact criminal justice policy and practice because they provide information the distinctive nature of criminal types.
Definition
56. Criminal Typology
57. Mental Disorder
58. Taxon
59. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
60. Massachusetts Treatment Center Rapist and Child Molester Typologies
Short Answer/Essay
61. What is the difference between a theory and a typology?
62. Provide three examples of a typology used in the criminal justice system
63. What is the difference between an ideal and an empirical type? Explain.
64. Describe the Massachusetts Treatment Center Rapist and Child Molester Typologies and explain how they were constructed.
65. List and explain the different “types” of criminal typologies discussed in the chapter and provide an example of each.
66. What is the purpose of a criminal typology? Explain.
67. In evaluating the theoretical and practical utility of a criminal typology, what are the essential features of a good typology? List, describe, and discuss these features. What are the six questions highlighted in the chapter that should be asked in evaluating a criminal typology?
Essay
68. Many researchers believe that it is more appropriate to view human types from a dimensional rather than categorical or taxonomic perspective. Explain what this means? What are the strengths and weaknesses of viewing human types from a dimensional versus a categorical perspective?