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PIECINGTOGETHERTHEPUZZLE:TIPSANDTECHNIQUESFOREFFECTIVEDISCOVERYINFAMILYFINDING
ByTiffanyAllen,M.S.W.,KarinMalm,M.S.,SarahCatherineWilliams,M.S.W.,
RaquelEllis,Ph.D.,M.S.W.December,2011
INTRODUCTION
Thepurposeofthefamilyfindingmodelistoprovidechildwelfarepractitionerswithintensiverelativesearchandengagementtechniquestoidentifyfamilyandothercloseadultsforchildreninfostercare,andtoinvolvethemindevelopingandcarryingoutaplanfortheemotionalandlegalpermanencyofachild.Thisbriefexaminesthediscoverycomponentofthemodel(seedescriptionofFamilyFindingmodelonpage
7) andidentifiespromisingtechniquesandtoolsthatfamilyfindingworkersreportedusingtohelpfacili-tatethediscoveryoffamilymembersorotherimportantpeopleinthechild’slife.ThisisthesecondbriefinaseriessummarizingfindingsfromChildTrends’evaluationsofthefamilyfindingmodel. Thefirstfamilyfindingbrief,FamilyFinding:DoesImplementationDifferWhenServingDifferentChildWelfarePopula-tions?,canbefoundintheresourcessection,underFamilyFindingModelinGeneral.
Acriticalcomponentoffamilyfindingactivityisthediscoveryphase.Thegoalofthediscoverycomponentistoidentifyasmanyfamilymembersandotherpotentialadultconnectionsaspossibletoprovidesup-portforthefosterchild.Inpractice,familyfindingworkersattempttoidentifyatleast40familymembersforthechild.Extensivesearchesincludeacomprehensivereviewofthechild’scaserecordaswellasuseofavarietyofsearchtools(e.g.,USSearch).Successfuldiscoveryisachievedwhenthefamilyisextensivelyknown.ChildTrendsresearchersarecurrentlyevaluatingfamilyfindingprogramsinmultiplelocalitiesinfivestates.Atannualvisitstoeachprogramsiteovera2to3yearperiod,familyfindingstaffdetailedtheimplementationofeachcomponentofthemodel,includingbarriersandfacilitatorstopractice.Thein-depthsitevisitsprovideauniquelookintoeffectiveimplementationconsideringdifferentlocalcontexts.
DATASOURCES
ExtensivefieldworkisanimportantcomponentoftheongoingChildTrendsevaluationthatprovidesauniqueopportunitynotonlytoexaminethefamilyfindingapproachineachlocality,butalsotoexam-inepractitioners’andprogrammanagers’thoughtsonhowbesttoutilizethefamilyfindingtechniques.ChildTrends’researchersinterviewedfamilyfindingandchildwelfareagencystafftolearnabouttheir
experiencesandopinionsconcerningfamilyfinding,andaboutthelocalcontext(bothintermsoflocationandapproach)withinwhichtheprogramoperates.Interviewsandfocusgroupswereconductedwithboththespecializedfamilyfindingworkersandongoingcaseworkers.ChildTrendsalsoconductedfocusgroupswithbirthparents,relatives,andyouthwhoreceivedtheservices.Qualitativeinformationwasobtainedduringannualvisitstotheevaluationsitesinyears2009-2011.
PROGRAMCONTEXT
Theprogramsevaluatedincludeprivateorganizationsundercontracttopublicchildwelfareagenciesaswellaspublicchildwelfareagencies.Inmostsites,aspecializedworkeristrainedinthefamilyfinding
techniquesandconductsthefamilyfindingstepswhileconsultingwiththechild’scase-carryingworker.Forothersites,thefamilyfindingactivitiesareconductedbythechild’scase-carryingworker,inconsul-tationwithothertrainedstaff.Forthisbrief,anyreferencestothe“familyfindingworker”includethosecase-carryingworkersthatmaybeconductingtheseactivities.
WHERETOSTART
Whenachildisfirstreferredtofamilyfinding,theprimarygoalforthefamilyfindingworkeristodeter-minehowmanyfamilymembersarecurrentlyknownbasedoninformationavailable.Thegoalinthefirstfewweeksistogatherasmuchinformationaspossiblethatcouldprovidecluesandnextstepsforlocat-ingfamilymembers.Familyfindingworkersindicatedthatthebestsourcesofinformationattheinitialstageofdiscoveryarethechild’scaseworker,thecaserecord,andthechild.
MeetingwiththeChild’sCaseworker.Thefamilyfindingworkertypicallystartsbymeetingwiththechild’scaseworker.Themeetinghasmultiplefunctions,butitsprimaryfocusistogatherrelevantin-formationaboutthechild’sfamilyandhistory.Themeetingalsoprovidesanopportunitytoexplainthepurposeoffamilyfindingandtoovercomeanyconfusionthecaseworkermayhaveintermsoftheirroleintheprovisionoffamilyfindingservices.Themeetingcanalsobeusedtodiscusscurrentchild-family
relationships,visitation,andpreviouseffortsmadebythepublicagencytoengagefamily.Thecaseworkerprovidesinformationandcontextsothefamilyfindingworkerisawareofanysensitiveissues,potentialhazardsoftalkingwithcertainpeople,ortensionwithinthefamilybeforeengagementisattempted.Theinitialmeetingcanalsoserveapracticalpurpose,whichisestablishingatimetoaccessthechild’scaserecord.Familyfindingworkersindicatedthatcaseworkerssometimesmaybeabletoprovideonlylimitedinformationbecausetheyarenewtothecaseortheagencyhasbeenunsuccessfulatlocatingfamilyin
thepast,butevenlimitedinformationprovidesafoundationforproceedingwithareviewofthechild’scaserecord.Inadditiontothecaseworker,otherprofessionalssuchasthechild’scourtappointedspecialadvocate(CASA)thechild’sguardianadlitem(GAL),orthechild’scurrentfosterparentmayprovideusefulinformation.
CaseRecordReview.Anintegralpieceofthediscoverystageoffamilyfindingisreviewing,or“mining,”thechild’scaserecord.Thefamilyfindingworkerreviewsallsectionsofthechild’shardcopyand/orelectroniccaserecordtodiscoverpotentialfamilymembersandotherconnections.Documentsreviewedincludecasefilenarratives,courtreports,schoolrecords,etc.
Duringthereview,theworkergathersbackgroundinformationandcompilesalistofnamesandcontactinformationofindividualsnotedintherecord.Thefamilyfindingworkermaygobacktothecaserecordmultipletimestocheckforupdatesortolookforinformationmissedduringtheinitialreview.Someinformationintherecordmaynothavemadesenseduringtheinitialreview,butlookingattherecordwithafreshsetofeyesatalatertimemayprovideabetterunderstanding.Documentationproceduresforinformationdiscoveredinthecaserecordvariesbyfamilyfindingworker.Nomatterthemethodusedtorecordinformation,familyfindingworkersreportseveralkeypiecesofinformationtocapture(seeside-baronpage3).
Whilefamilyfindingworkersattempttoreviewtheentirecaserecord,ifworkersobtaininformationonalargenumberofrelativestheymaynotreviewthefullrecord.Oneexceptionisforchildrenincareforanextendedperiodoftime.Familyfindingworkersreportedthattheyoftenfinditusefultoreviewtheold-estcasefilesforthesechildreninordertoidentifyfamilymemberswhohavelostcontactwiththechildovertheyears.
Thereisnoguaranteethatmanyfamilymem-bers’namesandaddresseswillbefoundthroughcasemining,butfamilyfindingwork-ersreportitisstillavitaltool.Inmanycases,incompleteinformationonfamilymembersisgatheredthroughcaseminingbutcanthenbeenhancedthroughotherdiscoverymethods.Familyfindingworkershavealsofoundituse-fultorecordnamesofdeceasedfamilymem-bersasastartingpointfordiscoveringaddi-tionalfamilymembers.Whenusingdifferentsearchwebsites(seeTable1),itishelpfultohavenamesofassociatedfamilymembers,eventhosethataredeceased,tohelpverify
theidentityofothers.
Importantinformationtodocumentfromchild’scaserecord
• Dateofthecaserecordreview
• Child’sname
• Child’sageandidentificationnumber
• Namesofallpotentialconnectionsinclud-ing:
-Relationshiptothechild
-Datesofpastcontactswiththechild
-Contactinformation
InterviewingtheChild.Insomeinstances,thefamilyfindingworkermayhavetheopportunitytotalkwiththechildaboutfamilymemberswithwhoms/hemayhaveanexistingorpastconnection.Theuse-fulnessofthismethoddependsonthechild’sage,memory,andemotionalwell-being.Forsomechildren,talkingabouttheirpast,evenifdoneinarespectfulanddelicatemanner,maystiruppainfulmemories.Familyfindingworkersconsultwiththechild’scaseworker,and,insomecases,thechild’stherapist,todetermineifinterviewingthechildisappropriate.Ifthechildisresistanttotheinterview,somefamilyfindingworkershavefounditusefultorevisitthetopiclaterortointroduceinformationaboutthefamilygraduallysoasnottotraumatizethechildfurther.
Thereareanumberofmethodscurrentlyinusetoobtainfamilyhistoryfromchildren.Twoofthemostfrequenttechniquesreportedbyfamilyfindingworkersaremobilitymappingandconnectednessmap-ping.Formoreinformationonothertools,suchasgenograms,ecomaps,andconnectograms,seetheResourcessection.
MobilityMapping1isdescribedas“achild’smentalpictureofhisorherlifebeforeseparationtranslatedontopaper”(DeLay,2002).Themaingoalsaretostimulatethechild’smemorytouncovercluesaboutmissingfamily,andtoencouragediscussionaboutthechild’spast.Mobilitymapping,comparedtotradi-tionalstructuredinterviews,helpsuncovermoreinformationforchildrenwhosefamiliesaredifficulttolocate,andisamorerelaxedandinformaltechniquetoexplorethechild’shistory.
Whenconductingamobilitymapping,familyfindingworkerstypicallyhavelargesheetsofpaperanddrawingutensilsonhand.Theworkerasksthechildtorecallhisorherearliestmemoryandtodrawapictureofthefirsthousethathe/sherememberslivingin.Next,theworkerasksthechildwholivedinthehouse,whatimportantpeoples/herememberswhilelivinginthehouse,andifs/hewouldliketoconnectwiththoseindividuals.Theworkerandchildwalkthrougheach“home”thechildrememberstohelprecallfamilymembersandotherimportantindividuals.Theworkermayaskquestionssuchas,“Wholivednearyou?”or“Whocameoverforimportantevents?”tohelprecalladditionalmemories.Unlessotherwisedesiredbythechildoradvisedbythecaseworkerand/ortherapist,themappingis
conductedone-on-onewiththechild.Mobilitymappingmaynotbeappropriateornecessarywitholderyouthwhoareabletoproviderelatives’namesandcontactinformationwithoutthisexercise.Themobil-
1MobilitymappingisatoolusedbytheUnaccompaniedChildrenReunificationandReintegrationProgramoftheInternationalRescueCommittee–Rwanda(IRC-Rwanda),andisanalternativetostandarddocumentationinterviewsfordisplacedchildren.
itymappingsessionscanlastanywherefrom30minutesupto2-3hours.Forastep-by-stepguidetomobilitymap-ping,seeDeLay(2002).
ConnectednessMappingisatechniquetypicallyusedtographicallyillustratethelonelinessofachildinfoster
carebyshowingfamilymembersandothersconnectedtoachild,orthelackthereof.Familyfindingworkersviewconnectednessmappingaslessintrusivethanmobilitymapping.Usingtheconnectednessmapmayhelpthechildavoidrecallingtraumaticeventsfromthepastthatmaysurfaceduringmobilitymapping.Connectednessmap-pingdiscoversnotonlythefamilymemberstowhomthechildfeelsconnected,butalsootheradultsinthecommu-nity.Ontheconnectednessmap,thechildisshowninthemiddleofthepage,andfamilymembersandotherimpor-tantindividualsarecircledaroundthechild.Asolidlinebetweenanindividualandthechilddepictsareciprocatedconnectionbetweenthatpersonandthechild.Aone-wayarrowdrawntoapersonrepresentsaconnectionthechildmayfeelwiththeperson,butthefeelingisnotreturned.Dottedlinesaredrawnbetweenapersonandachildwithwhomthereisanestablished“formalorgenetic”connec-tion,suchasafosterparentorrelative,butwithwhomthechilddoesnotfeelaconnection.Connectednessmapscanutilizedetailedgraphicrepresentationsfordifferenttypesofconnectionsandrelationships,butthislevelofdetaildoesnotappeartobewidelyusedbythefamilyfindingworkersintheevaluationsites.Oncecomplete,thecon-nectednessmapisusedasatoolforengagingfamilymem-bersduringmeetingsbyhighlightingthechild’slonelinessandtheurgencyofdevelopingconnectionsandsupports
AdditionalTips
ThePracticeGuidetoFamilySearchandEngagementdevel-opedbytheNationalResourceCenterforFamilyCenteredPrac-ticeandPermanencyPlanning,
andtheCaliforniaPermanencyfor
YouthProject,offersadditionaltipsforcarryingoutacaserecordreview(see org/downloads/SixSteps.pdf)
•Lookfornamesthatrepeatthemselvesthroughoutthefile.
•Payattentiontowhoattend-
edcourthearings.
•Lookatcourtdocumentsandjuvenilejusticefiles.
•Makealistofallsocialwork-ers,eveniftheynolongerworkattheagency.
•Noteteachers,therapists,residentialtreatmentandgrouphomestaff,etc.
•Makeachronologicallist
ofallplacementstoreview
withtheyouth.Thiscan
spurmemoriesandisimpor-tantforyouthaspartoftheyouth’shistory.
forthechild.Formoreinformationonconnectednessmapping,seePennsylvaniaChildWelfareTraining
Program(2010).
OTHERDISCOVERYMETHODS
Interviewingfamily.Familyfindingworkerswilloftenaskdiscoveredfamilymemberstoidentifyotherrelativesorsupportiveadults.Atfirst,familymembersmaybeguardedaboutprovidinginformationaboutotherrelatives,andfamilyfindingworkersreportitoftentakesmultipleface-to-faceinteractionswithfamilymemberstobuildrapportandtrust.
Familyfindingworkersreportedthatsomecaseworkersareapprehensiveaboutthemhavingcontactwithrelativesdeemedbythechildwelfareagencyasinappropriateforplacementorcontactwiththechild.However,familyfindingworkershavefoundthatallfamilymemberscanbesourcesofimportantinformation.Relativeswhocannothavecontactwiththechildduetoterminationofparentalrightsorcriminalchargesmayhavebeeninvolvedearlyinthecase,andmayhavehistoricalinformationotherwiselostasthecaseprogressed.Familyfindingworkershavefoundithelpfultointerviewincarceratedrela-
tivesandotherstogatherinformationonfamilymembers,yetmakingsuretheyreceiveapprovalfromthechild’scaseworkerandthattheyassesswhetheritissafeandappropriatetoproceedwithcontact.Familyfindingworkersalsoreportthatitishelpfultoidentifyafamilyleaderwhocanprovidethefam-ily’sgenealogyorverifyinformationobtainedusingotherdiscoverymethods.
Anothermethodusedduringdiscoveryisinterviewswiththechild’sbirthparents.Theparent’sinvolve-mentinfamilyfindingmayvarydependingonthelengthoftimethechildhasbeeninout-of-homecare.Whenfamilyfindingisconductedwithchildrennewtoout-of-homecare,familyfindingworkersreportgreaterengagementwiththechild’sbirthparents.However,evenfamilyfindingconductedwithchildrenwhohavebeeninout-of-homecareanumberofyearshas,onoccasion,re-engagedbirthparents.
Internetanddatasystemsearches.Internetsearchesareoneofthekeytoolsusedduringdiscoverytoexpanduponinitialdiscoverytechniques.ThesearchenginethatfamilyfindingworkersaretypicallytrainedtouseisUSSearch.However,familyfindingworkersreportedanumberofotherwebsitesbeyondUSSearchthathaveprovedhelpful.Table1liststhereportedwebsitesandtheircommonuses.Someofthesewebsiteshavesubscriptionfees,butmanyofthesesitesarefreeresources.Workersreportedusingthefreeresourcespriortousingpaidsearchtools.
Table1.FamilyFinding:MiningWebsitesandDataSystems
WebsiteType / WebsiteName / CommonUsePaidSearchEngines / ussearch.com,accurint.com / Providesdetailedinformationaboutpoten-tialfamilymembers;includesaddresses,employmentstatusorhistory,householdcomposition,criminalandotherback-groundinformation.
SocialMediaSites / facebook.com,myspace.com,twitter.com,class-mates.com,myyearbook.com / Providessocialinformationsuchasschoolenrollment,family/friendrelationships.
PhoneandAddress
Directories / whitepages.com,anywho.com,switchboard.com,dogpile.com,dexknows.whitepages.com,whiteyellowpages.com,Reversephonedirectory.com,zabasearch.com,radaris.com,google.com / Findsnames,currentandpastaddresses,householdcomposition,age,andpossibleemploymentstatus.Mayormaynotshowaphonenumber.
FamilyHistoryWeb-sites / Ancestry.com,obituaries.com,findagrave.com,obitlinkspage.com,obitcentral.com,legacy.com/obituaries.asp,ancesterhunt.com,genealogyto-day.com,usgenweb.org,genforum.genealogy.com,rootsweb.ancestry.com,familysearch.com / Detailsfamilyhistory,pictures,birth/death/marriagerecords,militaryinfo,cen-susrecords,naturalizations.Somesties
listotherpeoplewhohavesearchedforthesameperson.Obituariesmayalsolistcontactinformationforrelatives.
MetaSearchEngines / pipl.com,mama.com,dogpile.com / Searchesanumberofdifferentsearchen-ginesatonce,includingsocialmediasites,toavoiddoinganumberofindependentsearchesfordifferenttypesofinformation.
Prison/CriminalOf-fender/CourtWeb-sites / vinelink.com,Inmatesplus.com,bop.gov,family-
watchdog.us / Providesinformationoncourtproceed-ings,suchasplaintiffsand/ordefendantsandothercourtinformation
LocalGovernment
Systems/Resources / Childabusehistory,localDepartmentofMotorVehicles,StateBoardofElections/Voterregistra-tion,Localandstateclerksofrecord,register
ofdeeds,realestaterecords,birth,divorceandmarriagerecords,onlinenewspapers/newslet-ters,churchrecords,SSDI/SocialSecuritydeathindex,childsupportenforcementagency/Fed-eralParentLocator,TANF/FoodStamps / Providesaddressesforrelativeswhore-ceivegovernmentassistance,orarecon-nectedthroughlocalcommunitysystems.
COMMONCHALLENGESANDSOLUTIONS
Discoveringatleast40familymembersforachildinfostercarecanbeextremelyrewardingbutalsofrustrating.Familyfindingworkerssharedanumberofchallengestothediscoveryprocessandofferedsolutionstoovercomethesechallenges(SeeTable2).
Table2.CommonDiscoveryChallengesandSolutions
Challenge / SolutionFamilymembersresideoutside
oftheUnitedStates / •Gatherinformationfromalocalfamilymemberaboutlandmarksinthechild’scountryoforiginsincemailingaddressesdonotexistinmanycountries.
•Contactlocalsocialserviceagenciesandcommunityorganizationsforassis-tancetoknockondoorsandcontactpeople.
•Makedirectcontactswithpeoplewhocanhelpwithsearches,asinternationalsearchenginescanbelimited.
•Emailprovesmoreeffectivethanphonecallsbecausesomefamiliesmaynothavephonesbuthaveemailaccessthroughpublicinternetcafés.
Familymembersareresistanttoprovidinginformationaboutotherfamilymembers / •Buildagoodrelationshipwithafamilyrepresentativewhomotherfamilymem-
bersmaytrustmorethanthefamilyfindingworker.
Needtoverifyanaddressbe-
foreconductingacoldcall / •Searchforbusinessesneartheaddressandcontactthebusiness(usingawebsearchenginesuchasGoogle)toinquireaboutwhattheyknowabouttheirneighbors.
Familymemberisdeceased / •Searchforthedeceasedmember’ssurvivingrelativesusingtoolssuchasthe
SocialSecurityDeathIndexorthefamilymember’sobituary
•Findthelastplaceofresidenceforadeceasedrelativetohelptargetthesearchforlivingrelativesinthatgeographicalarea,orlookatrealestaterecords.
CONCLUSION
Thediscoverycomponentisthefoundationofthefamilyfindingmodel.Discoveryinvolvesanumberofdifferentmovingpiecesthatthefamilyfindingworkerusestopiecetogetherinformationaboutfragment-edfamilies.Familyfindingworkershavefoundthatonediscoverymethodortoolmaynotbethemostef-fectiveforeverycase.Also,thestepstodiscoveryarenotalwayslinear,withprescribedstepsfallinginthesameorderforeverycase.Discoveryisaniterativeprocess,wherethedifferentmethodsallinformeachother.Gatheringinformationfromeachdiscoverymethodindividuallymaynotproducemuchinforma-tion,butacombinationofthesetechniquescanproducetheinformationneededtobeginengagingfamily.
ABOUTTHEAUTHORS
TiffanyAllenisaSeniorResearchAnalystatChildTrends.KarinMalmdirectstheChildWelfareProgramAreaatChildTrends.SarahCatherineWilliamsisaResearchAnalystatChildTrends.RaquelEllis,former-lyaResearchScientistatChildTends,isnowaSeniorStudyDirectoratWestat.QuestionsorcommentsaboutthebriefshouldbedirectedtoTiffanyAllen,.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TheauthorsgratefullyacknowledgeAvisThompson,AnaYrausquin,andMarciMcCoy-RothatChildTrendsfortheiranalyses,reviewandedits.Inaddition,wewouldliketothankCarolynBowmanofAshe-ville,NorthCarolinaandJoshBruscaofBaltimoreCountyDepartmentofSocialServices,Marylandfortheirreviewandinput.Finally,wewouldliketothankthemanyfamilyfindersinourevaluationsitesfortheirtimetogiveinsightsonhandytipsandtechniquesfordiscovery,whichwereinvaluabletothedevel-opmentofthisbrief.
ThisbriefcouldnothavebeendevelopedwithoutthegeneroussupportoftheStuartFoundation,the
DukeEndowment,andtheUnitedStatesChildren’sBureau.
RESOURCES
MobilityMapping
•
•
es/1424002-1185304794278/4026035-1185375653056/4028835-1185375938992/3_Mobility_map-
ping.pdf
•
ConnectednessMapping
•
OtherDiscoveryResources
•
•
•
AboutFamilyFinding
Thefamilyfindingmodelprovideschildwelfareprofessionalswithtechniquesforidentifyingand
findingfamilymembersandotheradultswhocareaboutachildplacedinfostercare.Otheradultsmayincludefriends,neighbors,mentors,schoolteachers,coaches,teammates,religiouslead-
ers,youthgroupleaders,andcommunitysupports.Inaddition,familyfindingprovidesstrate-giesforinvolvingtheseadultsindevelopingandcarryingoutaplanforhelpingchildrenachieveemotionalandlegalpermanency.Theprogramwasfirstconceivedin1999byKevinCampbellandcolleaguesatCatholicCommunityServicesinTacoma,Washington.Campbellwasinspiredbythefamily-tracingtechniquesusedbyinternationalaidagenciestofindandreunitefamilymemberswhohadbeenseparatedbywar,civildisturbance,ornaturaldisaster.Usinggenealogicalarchivesandinternet-basedservices,Campbellandcolleagueswerenotonlyabletoincreasethenumberoflife-longconnectionsforchildreninfostercareintheagency’sserviceareaanddecreasethenumberofchildreninnon-relativecare,buttoalsoinspirethepassageofstatelegislationin2003
requiringintensiverelativesearchesforallchildreninout-of-homecare.Withthepassagein2008ofthefederalFosteringConnectionstoSuccessandIncreasingAdoptionsAct,allstatesarenowrequiredtonotifyrelativesoftheplacementofarelatedchildinfostercare.
Thefamilyfindingmodeliscomprisedofsixstagesorsteps,including:1)discoveringatleast40familymembersandimportantpeopleinthechild’slifethroughanextensivereviewofachild’scasefile,throughinterviewingtheyouth(ifappropriate)inadditiontofamilymembersandothersupportivepeople,andthroughtheuseofinternetsearchtools;2)engagingasmanyfamilymem-bersandsupportiveadultsaspossiblethroughin-personinterviews,phoneconversations,andwrittenlettersandemails,withthegoalofidentifyingthechild’sextendedfamily.Theengagementphasealsoincludesidentifyingagroupoffamilymembersandsupportiveadults,asappropriate,willingtoparticipateinaplanningmeetingonhowtokeepthechildsafelyconnectedtofamilymembers;3)planningforthesuccessfulfutureofthechildwiththeparticipationoffamilymem-bersandothersimportanttothechildbyconveningfamilymeetings;4)makingdecisionsduringthefamilymeetingsthatsupportthelegalandemotionalpermanencyofthechild;5)evaluatingthepermanencyplansdevelopedforthechild;and6)providingfollow-upsupportstoensurethatthechildandhis/herfamilycanaccessandreceiveinformalandformalsupportsessentialtomain-tainingpermanencyforthechild(Campbell,2005;2010a,2010b).
ADDITIONALRESOURCES
FamilyFindingModelinGeneral
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REFERENCES
Campbell,Kevin(2010).BasicFamilyFindingPracticeScaffold.NationalInstituteforPermanentFamilyConnected-
ness,SenecaCenter.ResourceDocuments.
Campbell,Kevin(2005).SixStepsforFamilyFinding.CenterforFamilyFindingandYouthConnectedness.Resource
Documents.
DeLay,Brigette(2002).MobilityMappingandFlowDiagrams: ToolsforFamilyTracingandSocialReintegration
WorkwithSeparatedChildren.
PennsylvaniaChildWelfareTrainingProgram,(2010).OtherFamilyFindingToolsHandout#16.Retrievedfrom