SupplementalOnline Materials
Estrogenic and Progestogenic Effects of Hormonal Contraceptives in Relation to Sexual Behavior: Insights into Extended Sexuality
Contents
Table S1. Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, Study 1: Adding method of delivery
Table S2. Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, Study 1: Adding sociosexual orientation
Table S3. Effects on sexual behaviors other than intercourse, Study 1
Table S4. Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, Study 2: Adding method of delivery
Table S5. Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, Study 3: Adding sociosexual orientation
Table S6. Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, Study 2: Adding rating of partner loyalty/faithfulness
Table S7. Effects on sexual behaviors other than intercourse, Study 2
Table S8: Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, combined samples
Table S9: Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, combined samples: One week per participant
Table S10: Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, combined samples: 2-day and 7-day analyses
Table S11: Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, combined samples: Pill-users only
Table S12: Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, combined samples: Progestins with varying dosages only
Table S13: Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, combined samples: Alternative androgenic effect variable
Table S14: Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, combined samples: Androgenic effects removed
Table S15: Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, combined samples: EE x P interactions included
Table S16. Effects on sexual behaviors other than intercourse, combined samples
Table S17. Effects in simplified analyses that include only EE OR P, combined samples
Table S18. Correlations between predictors, Study 1 and Study 2
Methods for Normally Ovulating Women
Table S19. Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, Study 1: Normally ovulating women
Table S20. Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, Study 1: Normally ovulating women excluding days 1-5
Table S21. Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, Study 1: Normally ovulating women
Table S22. Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, Study 1: Normally ovulating women excluding days 1-5
Table S1
Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, Study 1: Adding method of delivery
Effect b t p
Loyalty/Faithfulness .054 .88.878
Ethinyl Estradiol (EE).032 .30.768
Progestin (P)-.026-.24.813
Androgenic Activity (A)-.056 -.90.368
EE x Loyalty/Faithfulness-.250-2.07.039
P x Loyalty/Faithfulness .220 2.02.045
A x Loyal/Faithfulness .058 .84.400
Pill vs. Other Delivery.317 1.59.114
Notes.
Bold: p < .05
df: 265
All variables are z-scored, except for Pill vs. Other Delivery (coded 1, 0, respectively).
Table S2
Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, Study 1: Adding sociosexual orientation
Effect b t p
Loyalty/Faithfulness .0701.06.292
Ethinyl Estradiol (EE).066 .61.540
Progestin (P)-.034-.31.754
Androgenic Activity (A)-.039 -.63.529
EE x Loyalty/Faithfulness-.328 -2.49.013
P x Loyalty/Faithfulness .310 2.54.012
A x Loyal/Faithfulness.107 1.45.148
SOI.101 1.43.152
EE x SOI-.186-1.45.148
P x SOI.204 1.90.059
A x SOI.140 2.04.042
Notes.
Bold: p < .05
df: 256
All variables are z-scored.
Table S3
Effects on sexual behaviors other than intercourse, Study 1
Masturb. Sex Fant. Stim. Part. StimbyPart Orgasm
Effect b p b p b p b p b p Loyalty/Faithfulness -.214 .001 -.115 .068 .054 .005 -.030
Ethinyl Estradiol (EE)-.103 .088 .118 .067 -.039
Progestin (P).039 -.086 -.029 .045 .058
Androgenic Activity (A) .078 -.127 .048 -.087 -.083 .002
EE x Loyalty/Faithfulness .049 -.328 .008 -.122 -.195 -.113
P x Loyalty/Faithfulness .099 .145 .112 .127 .040
A x Loyal/Faithfulness-.046 .188 .008 .069 .028 .020
df error 263 255 261 260 263
Notes.
Bold: p < .05. Italics: p < .10. No other p-values shown.
All variables are z-scored.
Table S4
Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, Study 2: Adding method of delivery
Effect γ t p
Loyalty/Faithfulness .032 .42.674
Ethinyl Estradiol (EE).1511.10.275
Progestin (P)-.146 -.99.322
Androgenic Activity (A)-.183-2.52.013
EE x Loyalty/Faithfulness-.455-2.81.006
P x Loyalty/Faithfulness .466 2.73.008
A x Loyal/Faithfulness.147 2.07.041
Pill vs. Other Delivery.280 1.36.176
Week-.032 -3.40.001
Notes.
Bold: p < .05; italics: p < .10
df: 87.7 – 110.6, except Week, where df = 506.4
All variables are z-scored, except for Pill vs. Other Delivery (coded 1, 0, respectively) and Week (1-12)
Table S5
Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, Study 2: Adding sociosexual orientation
Effect γ t p
Loyalty/Faithfulness .042 .51.613
Ethinyl Estradiol (EE).1751.26.211
Progestin (P)-.067-.44.663
Androgenic Activity (A)-.148-1.95.054
EE x Loyalty/Faithfulness-.409-2.46.015
P x Loyalty/Faithfulness.4032.22.029
A x Loyal/Faithfulness .166 2.30.024
SOI .074 .99.325
EE x SOI-.135 -.92.354
P x SOI.132 .70.486
A x SOI .178 2.08.039
Week-.032-3.42.001
Notes.
Bold: p < .05; italics: p < .10
df: 84.7 – 161.0, except Week, where df = 499.0
All variables are z-scored, except Week (1-12)
Table S6
Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, Study 2: Adding rating of partner loyalty/faithfulness
Effect γ t p
Self Loyalty/Faithfulness .041 .46.647
Ethinyl Estradiol (EE) .227 1.61.111
Progestin (P)-.118 -.80.427
Androgenic Activity (A)-.181-2.46.016
EE x Self Loyalty/Faithfulness-.528-2.46.016
P x Self Loyalty/Faithfulness.569 2.43.017
A x Self Loyal/Faithfulness .272 2.89.005
Partner Loyalty/Faithfulness-.052 -.61.543
EE x Partner Loyalty/Faithfulness-.019 .12.908
P x Partner Loyalty/Faithfulness-.154 -.82.414
A x Partner Loyalty/Faithfulness-.199-2.17.033
Week-.033-3.44.001
Notes.
Bold: p < .05; italics: p < .10
df: 84.2 – 100.3, except Week, where df = 504.6
All variables are z-scored, except Week (1-12)
Table S7
Effects on sexual behaviors other than intercourse, Study 2
Masturb. Sex Fant. Stim. Part. Stim by Part Orgasm
Effect γ p γ p γ p γ p γ p Loyalty/Faithfulness .041 .026 -.025 -.012 -.045
Ethinyl Estradiol (EE).215 .340 .028 .239 .087 .279 .036 .102
Progestin (P)-.238 -.184 -.140 -.212 -.206
Androgenic Activity (A)-.012 -.136 -.093 -.086 -.051
EE x Loyalty/Faithfulness-.243 .190 -.293 .078 -.432 .007 .014
P x Loyalty/Faithfulness .393 .041 -.084 .343 .050 .431 .010 .271
A x Loyal/Faithfulness .078 -.116 .072 .102 -.058
Week .002 -.018 -.034 .002 -.029 .006 -.010
Notes.
Bold: p < .05. Italics: p < .10. No other p-values shown.
df: 73.6 to 122.3, except for Week, where df = 55.6 – 519.1
All variables are z-scored, except Week (1-12)
Table S8
Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, combined samples
Effect γ t p γ t p
Loyalty/Faithfulness .050 .88.380 .052 .93.352
Ethinyl Estradiol (EE).1031.13.258 .112 1.25.213
Progestin (P)-.043 -.44.659-.080 -.81.421
Androgenic Activity (A)-.090-1.76.080-.119-2.21.028
EE x Loyalty/Faithfulness-.346-3.09.002-.327-2.93.004
P x Loyalty/Faithfulness .337 2.98.003 .3482.98.003
A x Loyal/Faithfulness .098 1.70.089 .106 1.78.076
Week-.031 -3.68 >.001-.030-3.49.001
Age-.128-2.55.011
Notes.
Bold: p < .05; italics: p < .10
df: 299.9 – 362.5, except Week, where df = 546.0; with age controlled: 289.7 – 356.6; week: 540.0
All variables are z-scored, except Week (1-12)
Table S9
Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, combined samples: One week per participant
Effect γ t p
Loyalty/Faithfulness .035 .54.587
Ethinyl Estradiol (EE).1181.17.244
Progestin (P)-.067-.61.540
Androgenic Activity (A)-.117-1.98.049
EE x Loyalty/Faithfulness-.381-3.01.003
P x Loyalty/Faithfulness .353 2.76.006
A x Loyal/Faithfulness .117 1.74.083
Notes.
Bold: p < .05
df: 357
All variables are z-scored.
For participants in Study 2, only the first week’s survey included.
Table S10
Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, combined samples: 2-day and 7-day analyses
Mixed model Poisson regressions
2-day7-day 2-day 7-day
Effect γ p γ p b p b p Loyalty/Faithfulness .059 .039 .080 .046
Ethinyl Estradiol (EE).178 .036 .062 .223 .014 .041
Progestin (P)-.085 -.023 -.124 -.016
Androgenic Activity (A)-.088 .063 -.088 -.107 .049 -.079 .015
EE x Loyalty/Faithfulness-.310 .003 -.327 .004 -.333 .007 -.305<.001
P x Loyalty/Faithfulness .307 .003 .317 .005 .337 .006 .275<.001
A x Loyal/Faithfulness .089.080 -.097 .051 .087 .081 .027
Week-.028 .007 -.030 <.001
Notes.
Bold: p < .05. Italics: p < .10. No other p-values shown.
df mixed model: 169.9 to 367.6, except for Week, where df = 539.2-756.0
N in Poisson regressions: 365. For Study 2 participants, only first weekly survey included.
All predictor variables are z-scored, except Week (1-12). 2-day and 7-day reports are counts.
Table S11
Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, combined samples: Pill-users only
Effect γ t p
Loyalty/Faithfulness .062 .95.344
Ethinyl Estradiol (EE).087 .88.378
Progestin (P)-.101 -.84.401
Androgenic Activity (A)-.107-1.95.052
EE x Loyalty/Faithfulness-.415-3.32.001
P x Loyalty/Faithfulness .436 2.94.004
A x Loyal/Faithfulness .1121.79.074
Week-.033 -3.24 .001
Notes.
Bold: p < .05; italics: p < .10
df: 261.5 – 319.3, except Week, where df = 389.5
All variables are z-scored, except Week (1-12)
Table S12
Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, combined samples: Progestins with varying dosages only
Effect γ t p
Loyalty/Faithfulness .0981.55.122
Ethinyl Estradiol (EE).530 .88.074
Progestin (P)-.423 -.84.084
Progestin Type-.568-1.87.063
EE x Loyalty/Faithfulness-.225-1.86.064
P x Loyalty/Faithfulness .273 2.23.027
Week-.025 -2.60 .010
Notes.
Bold: p < .05; italics: p < .10
df: 228.06 – 261.03, except Week, where df = 408.8
All variables are z-scored, except Progestin Type (1,2) and Week (1-12)
Progestin Type: 1 = levonorgestrel, 2 = desogestrel/etonogestrel
Table S13
Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, combined samples: Alternative androgenic effect variable
Effect γ t p
Loyalty/Faithfulness .051 .91.365
Ethinyl Estradiol (EE).1001.11.266
Progestin (P)-.058 -.59.558
Androgenic Activity (A)-.096-1.81.071
EE x Loyalty/Faithfulness-.350-3.13.002
P x Loyalty/Faithfulness .362 3.09.002
A x Loyal/Faithfulness .1101.84.066
Week-.033 -3.68 >.001
Notes.
Bold: p < .05; italics: p < .10
df: 296.6 – 363.6, except Week, where df = 546.3
All variables are z-scored, except Week (1-12)
Table S14
Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, combined samples: Androgenic effects removed
Effect γ t p
Loyalty/Faithfulness .067 1.19.365
Ethinyl Estradiol (EE).065 .72.266
Progestin (P)-.007 -.08.558
EE x Loyalty/Faithfulness-.272-2.57.011
P x Loyalty/Faithfulness .275 2.53.012
Week-.031 -3.68 >.001
Notes.
Bold: p < .05; italics: p < .10
df: 327.5 – 374.3, except Week, where df = 548.0
All variables are z-scored, except Week (1-12)
Table S15
Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, combined samples: EE x P interactions included
Effect γ t p
Loyalty/Faithfulness-.002 -.03.978
Ethinyl Estradiol (EE).0971.06.292
Progestin (P)-.011 -.10.920
Androgenic Activity (A)-.084-1.57.118
EE x Loyalty/Faithfulness-.358-3.16.002
P x Loyalty/Faithfulness .404 2.96.003
A x Loyal/Faithfulness .1141.88.061
EE x P .029 .46.644
EE x P x Loyalty/Faithfulness .058 .82.410
Week-.031 -3.68 >.001
Notes.
Bold: p < .05; italics: p < .10
df: 294.8 – 360.4, except Week, where df = 544.3
All variables are z-scored, except Week (1-12)
Table S16
Effects on sexual behaviors other than intercourse, combined samples
Masturb. Sex Fant. Stim. Part. Stim by Part Orgasm
Effect γ p γ p γ p γ p γ p Loyalty/Faithfulness -.104 .049 -.053 -.020 -.001 -.018
Ethinyl Estradiol (EE)-.005 .172 .062 .161 .060 .146 .094 .010
Progestin (P)-.039 -.126 -.062 -.036 -.026
Androgenic Activity (A).036 -.136 .011 -.088 .068 -.081 .099 -.015
EE x Loyalty/Faithfulness-.038 -.156 -.179 .090 -.286 .008 -.043
P x Loyalty/Faithfulness .071 .079 .170 .050 .245 .025 .115
A x Loyal/Faithfulness-.015 -.062 .057 .057 -.021
Week.004 -.016 -.036<.001 -.031 .001 -.011
Notes.
Bold: p < .05. Italics: p < .10. No other p-values shown.
df: 231.2-393.7, except for Week, where df = 46.8 – 710.7
All variables are z-scored, except Week (1-12)
Table S17
Effects in simplified analyses that include only EE OR P, combined samples
Effect γ t p
EE only
Loyalty/Faithfulness .064 1.13.260
Ethinyl Estradiol (EE).0531.01.315
EE x Loyalty/Faithfulness-.044 -.79.432
Week-.031 -3.63 >.001
P only
Loyalty/Faithfulness .062 1.11.270
Progestin (P).040 .71.478
P x Loyalty/Faithfulness .040 .69.491
Week-.031 -3.61 >.001
Notes.
Bold: p < .05
df: 325.1 – 351.3, except Week, where df = 548.0, 548.2, respectively
All variables are z-scored, except Week (1-12)
Table S18
Correlations between predictors, Study 1 and Study 2
L/fEEPAAge
Loyalty/faithfulness --04 01-09 06
EE-06 -82-03-00
P 0781 --09-05
A-02 07-06 --19
Age 03-01-01-19 -
Notes. Bold: p < .05. Italics: p < .10.
Decimal places omitted. Study 1 below the diagonal; Study 2 above the diagonal. Study 2 includes only reports from week 1. N for Study 1 = 274, except for age, where N = 272. N for Study 2 = 91.
Methods for Normally Ovulating Women
Based on reports of first day of last menstruation, current day, and typical cycle length, continuous measures of conception probability were calculated using methods described in Gangestad et al. (2016).
Analyses were run on (a) overall reports and (b) all days excluding days 1-5 (putative menstruating days), both with and without controlling for sociosexual orientation (SOI).
Reference
Gangestad, S. W., Haselton, M. G., Welling, L. L. M., Gildersleeve, K., Pillsworth, E. G., Burriss, R. L., Larson, C. M., & Puts, D. A. (2016). How valid are assessments of conception probability in ovulatory cycle research: Evaluations, recommendations, and theoretical implications. Evolution and Human Behavior, 37, 85-96.
Table S19
Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, Study 1: Normally ovulating women
Effect b t p b t p
Loyalty/Faithfulness-.023 -.16.876.050 .40 .695
Conception Risk (CR)-.185-1.28.205-.205 -1.39.171
CR x Loyalty/Faithfulness-.273-1.87.068-.332 -2.27 .028
SOI-.093 -.66 .511
SOI x CR.150 1.13.265
SOI x Loyalty/Faithfulness-.259 -1.60 .116
Notes.
Bold: p < .05; italics: p < .10
df: 50 and 43 for analyses excluding and including SOI, respectively
All variables are z-scored.
Table S20
Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, Study 1: Normally ovulating women excluding days 1-5
Effect b t p b t p
Loyalty/Faithfulness.050 .27.790.195 1.04 .307
Conception Risk (CR)-.323-2.00.052-.303 -1.90.065
CR x Loyalty/Faithfulness-.354-1.88.066-.484 -2.60 .013
SOI-.019 -.10 .918
SOI x CR.103 .66.516
SOI x Loyalty/Faithfulness-.409 -2.01 .052
Notes.
Bold: p < .05; italics: p < .10
df: 42 and 36 for analyses excluding and including SOI, respectively
All variables are z-scored.
Table S21
Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, Study 2: Normally ovulating women
Effect γ t p γ t p
Loyalty/Faithfulness.264 1.37.174.484 2.23 .030
Conception Risk (CR).026 .27.789-.012 -.12.905
CR x Loyalty/Faithfulness-.127-.82.416-.051 -.28 .781
SOI.294 2.15 .040
SOI x CR.053 .66.507
SOI x Loyalty/Faithfulness-.157 -.82.415
Notes.
Bold: p < .05
N of women: 39 and 38 for analyses excluding and including SOI, respectively
df: 69.6 – 167.1 and 29.3 – 163.8 for analyses excluding and including SOI, respectively
All variables are z-scored.
Table S22
Effects on frequency of sexual intercourse, Study 2: Normally ovulating women, excluding days 1-5
Effect γ t p γ t p
Loyalty/Faithfulness.409 1.65.106.573 2.23 .031
Conception Risk (CR).012 .11.915-.042 -.35.723
CR x Loyalty/Faithfulness-.143 -.79.432-.023 -.11 .915
SOI .279 1.96 .061
SOI x CR.073 .81.420
SOI x Loyalty/Faithfulness-.017 -.06 .949
Notes.
Bold: p < .05; italics: p < .10
N of women: 36 and 36 for analyses excluding and including SOI, respectively
df: 39.9 – 129.1 and 27.8 – 131.3 for analyses excluding and including SOI, respectively
All variables are z-scored.