Biology TEST: Chapter 18 Classification (Form MRK:2008)
Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. Darken the letter of your choice on the Scantron answer sheet.
____ 1. Biologists use a classification system to group organisms in part because organisms
a. / are going extinct.b. / are very numerous and diverse.
c. / are too much alike.
d. / share too many derived characters.
____ 2. Scientists assign each kind of organism a universally accepted name in the system known as
a. / traditional classification.b. / the three domains.
c. / binomial nomenclature.
d. / cladistics.
____ 3. In taxonomy, a group at any level of organization is referred to as a
a. / cladogram.b. / binomial.
c. / taxon.
d. / system.
____ 4. In the scientific version of a species name, which of the terms is capitalized?
a. / the first term onlyb. / the second term only
c. / both the first and second terms
d. / neither the first nor the second term
____ 5. Based on their names, you know that the baboons Papio annubis and Papio cynocephalus do NOT belong to the same
a. / class.b. / family.
c. / genus.
d. / species.
____ 6. The second part of a scientific name is unique to each
a. / order in its class.b. / family in its order.
c. / genus in its family.
d. / species in its genus.
____ 7. Before Linnaeus, scientific names were problematic because they were
a. / too brief to be descriptive.b. / very long and difficult to standardize.
c. / written only in Greek.
d. / written only in Latin.
____ 8. In Linnaeus’s system of classification, how many taxonomic categories were there?
a. / oneb. / three
c. / five
d. / seven
____ 9. A genus is composed of a number of related
a. / kingdoms.b. / phyla.
c. / orders.
d. / species.
____ 10. Several different classes make up a
a. / kingdom.b. / phylum.
c. / family.
d. / genus.
____ 11. Animals that are warm-blooded, have body hair, and produce milk for their young are grouped in the class
a. / Amphibia.b. / Mammalia.
c. / Aves.
d. / Reptilia.
____ 12. The most general and largest category in Linnaeus’s system is
a. / the phylum.b. / the kingdom.
c. / the genus.
d. / the domain.
____ 13. Traditional classifications tended to take into account primarily
a. / extinct organisms.b. / RNA similarities.
c. / DNA similarities.
d. / general similarities in appearance.
____ 14. Sometimes, organisms that are not closely related look similar because of
a. / convergent evolution.b. / molecular clocks.
c. / mutations.
d. / reclassification.
____ 15. The procedure of grouping organisms based on their evolutionary history is called
a. / traditional classification.b. / binomial nomenclature.
c. / derived characters.
d. / evolutionary classification.
____ 16. In an evolutionary classification scheme, species within one genus should
a. / be more similar to each other than they are to other species.b. / not be similar in appearance.
c. / be limited to species that can interbreed.
d. / have identical genes.
____ 17. What kind of analysis focuses on the order in which derived characters appeared in organisms?
a. / cladistic analysisb. / traditional classification
c. / taxonomy
d. / anatomy
____ 18. In biology, an evolutionary innovation is also referred to as a
a. / derived character.b. / taxonomic group.
c. / molecular clock.
d. / physical similarity.
____ 19. What does a cladistic analysis show about organisms?
a. / the relative importance of each derived characterb. / the order in which derived characters evolved
c. / the general fitness of the organisms analyzed
d. / all traits of each organism analyzed
____ 20. What do all organisms have in common?
a. / They use DNA and RNA to pass on information.b. / They are all prokaryotes.
c. / They are all eukaryotes.
d. / They are genetically identical.
____ 21. Scientists have found that humans and yeasts
a. / have similar genes for the assembly of certain proteins.b. / share all aspects of cellular structure.
c. / have nothing in common.
d. / cannot be evaluated for degree of relatedness.
____ 22. What does the presence of similar genes in very dissimilar organisms imply?
a. / The genes were produced by different selection pressures.b. / The organisms share a common ancestor.
c. / The organisms do not share a common ancestor.
d. / The genes became identical through mutation.
____ 23. What is the main idea behind the model of a molecular clock?
a. / that neutral mutations accumulate at a steady rateb. / that certain traits are under the pressure of natural selection
c. / that segments of DNA can be compared with segments of RNA
d. / that phenotypes, not genotypes, are affected by natural selection
____ 24. All organisms in the kingdoms Protista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia are
a. / multicellular organisms.b. / photosynthetic organisms.
c. / eukaryotes.
d. / prokaryotes.
____ 25. Which of the kingdoms in the six-kingdom system of classification was once grouped with plants?
a. / Animaliab. / Carnivores
c. / Fungi
d. / Protista
____ 26. Some scientists propose that the kingdom Protista should be broken up into several kingdoms. Which of these statements accurately supports this idea?
a. / Protists are all very similar and easy to confuse.b. / Protista contains very diverse organisms that do not fit into the other kingdoms.
c. / Protists are the most numerous organisms on Earth.
d. / Protista evolved before any other kingdom.
____ 27. The two domains composed of only unicellular organisms are
a. / Eubacteria and Archaea.b. / Eukarya and Bacteria.
c. / Archaea and Bacteria.
d. / Archaea and Eukarya.
____ 28. The three-domain system arose when scientists grouped organisms according to how long they have been
a. / alive in their present forms.b. / going extinct.
c. / evolving independently.
d. / using DNA to store information.
____ 29. The three-domain system recognizes fundamental differences between two groups of
a. / prokaryotes.b. / eukaryotes.
c. / protists.
d. / multicellular organisms.
____ 30. Organisms in the kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria were previously grouped in a kingdom called
a. / Animalia.b. / Fungi.
c. / Monera.
d. / Eukarya.
Completion
Complete each sentence or statement. Use the word bank below. One word is used twice. If the answer is a letter combination, darken ALL letters in the combination.
a. genes ab. derived character bd. genus
b. bacteria ac. ancestors be. Eukarya
c. phylum ad. body structure cd. convergent evolution
d. plants ae. binomial ce. species
e. Chordata bc. scientific name
31. When scientists use a(an) ______for an organism, they can be certain they are all discussing the same organism.
32. The animals Panthera leo (lion) and Panthera tigris (tiger) belong to the same ______.
33. The use of a two-part scientific name for organisms is called ______nomenclature.
34. In taxonomy, different classes of organisms might be grouped into a ______, which is the next (larger) category.
35. In Linnaeus’s system of classification, the two smallest categories are genus and ______.
36. In taxonomy, the class Mammalia is grouped with the classes Aves, Reptilia, Amphibia, and several classes of fishes into the phylum ______.
37. Traditional classification is based on general similarities of ______among organisms.
38. In traditional classification, some similarities that were used to group organisms were based on ______instead of a shared evolutionary history.
39. In cladistic analysis, a characteristic that arises as a lineage of organisms evolves over time is called a(an) ______.
40. DNA analyses show that the ______of many dissimilar organisms show important similarities at the molecular level.
41. Evidence shows that very dissimilar organisms, such as yeasts and humans, have some genes in common, indicating that they share two common ______.
42. The six kingdoms of life include bacteria that have cell walls with peptidoglycan, bacteria that have cell walls without peptidoglycan, protists, fungi, animals, and ______.
43. Unlike the five-kingdom system of classification, the six-kingdom system breaks ______into two groups.
44. The domain ______contains plants, fungi, protists, and animals—which are all eukaryotes.
45. The domain ______is composed of the kingdom Eubacteria.
Other
USING SCIENCE SKILLS
Figure 18-2
46. Interpreting Graphs Which level of taxonomic category shown in Figure 18-2 contains the greatest number of different organisms?
a. kingdom b. phylum c. order d. class
47. Classifying Do all organisms shown in Figure 18-2 that belong to the order Carnivora also belong to the phylum Chordata? Explain.
a. yes b. no c. not enough information
48. Classifying Do all organisms shown in Figure 18-2 that belong to the class Mammalia also belong to the genus Ursus? Explain.
a. yes b. no c. not enough information
49. Observing Based on the information in Figure 18-2, describe how the diversity at each level changes from species to kingdom.
a. The species has the most diversity. The kingdom shows the least diversity.
b. The species has the least diversity. The kingdom shows the greatest diversity.
c. Both have the same level of diversity.
d. none of the above
50. Inferring Considering the information in Figure 18-2, if you were given a species name and no other information about an unfamiliar organism, what is the largest taxonomic category that you could assign it to?
a. phylum b. order c. genus d. not enough information
USING SCIENCE SKILLS
Classification of Living ThingsDOMAIN / Bacteria / Archaea / Eukarya
KINGDOM / Eubacteria / Archaebacteria / Protista / Fungi / Plantae / Animalia
CELL TYPE / Prokaryote / Prokaryote / Eukaryote / Eukaryote / Eukaryote / Eukaryote
CELL STRUCTURES / Cell walls with peptidoglycan / Cell walls without peptidoglycan / Cell walls of cellulose in some; some have chloroplasts / Cell walls of chitin / Cell walls of cellulose; chloroplasts / No cell walls or chloroplasts
NUMBER OF CELLS / Unicellular / Unicellular / Most unicellular; some colonial; some multicellular / Most multicellular; some unicellular / Multicellular / Multicellular
MODE OF NUTRITION / Autotroph or heterotroph / Autotroph or heterotroph / Autotroph or heterotroph / Heterotroph / Autotroph / Heterotroph
EXAMPLES / Streptococcus, Escherichia coli / Methanogens, halophiles / Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds, giant kelp / Mushrooms, yeasts / Mosses, ferns, flowering plants / Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals
Figure 18-3
51. Using Tables and Graphs According to Figure 18-3, what is the main difference between the domain Bacteria and the domain Archaea?
a. Bacteria have cell walls without peptidoglycan, while the cell walls of Archaea have peptidoglycan.
b. Both contain peptidoglycan.
c. Bacteria have cell walls with peptidoglycan, while the cell walls of Archaea lack peptidoglycan.
d. not enough information
52. Applying Concepts If you know an organism has a cell wall and is a multicellular autotroph, could you use Figure 18-3 to determine the kingdom to which it belong?
a. yes b. no c. not enough information
53. Using Tables and Graphs Can you determine, by examining Figure 18-3, which kingdom contains the greatest number of species?
a. yes b. no c. not enough information
54. Applying Concepts If you were told only that an organism is unicellular and has chloroplasts and a nucleus, could you use Figure 18-3 to determine the kingdom to which it belongs?
a. yes b. no c. not enough information
55. Using Tables and Graphs Considering the data presented in Figure 18-3, which characteristic seems more important in assigning an organism to a specific domain—the presence or absence of a nucleus or its mode of nutrition? Why?
a. The presence or absence of a nucleus is more important. All three domains contain both autotrophs and heterotrophs.
b. The presence or absence of a nucleus is not important. All three domains contain both autotrophs and heterotrophs.
c. The presence or absence of a nucleus is more important. All three domains contain only autotrophs.
d. The presence or absence of a nucleus is more important. All three domains contain only heterotrophs.
USING SCIENCE SKILLS
Classification of Four OrganismsCorn / Whale
Shark / Humpback Whale / Spider Monkey
Kingdom / Plantae / Animalia / Animalia / Animalia
Phylum / Anthophyta / Chordata / Chordata / Chordata
Class / Monocotyledones / Chondrichthyes / Mammalia / Mammalia
Order / Commelinales / Squaliformes / Cetacea / Primates
Family / Poaceae / Rhincodontidae / Balaenopteridae / Atelidae
Genus / Zea / Rhincodon / Megaptera / Ateles
Species / Zea mays / Rhinacodon typus / Megaptera novaeangilae / Ateles paniscus
Figure 18-4
56. Using Tables and Graphs Which two organisms listed in Figure 18-4 are most closely related to each other?
a. whale shark and humpback whale
b. humpback whale and corn
c. whale shark and spider monkey
d. humpback whale and spider monkey
57. Using Tables and Graphs Which level of taxonomic category shown in Figure 18-4 indicates whether an organism is a mammal or not?
a. kingdom b. phylum c. class d. order
58. Using Tables and Graphs How many different kingdoms are represented by the organisms listed in Figure 18-4? What are they?
a. one, Plantae
b. one, Animalia
c. two; Plantae and Animalia
d. not enough information
59. Inferring If you were adding a column to Figure 18-4 for the protist species Amoeba proteus, what taxonomic category, if any, would be the same as for any of the organisms shown in Figure 18-4? Explain.
a. None, since this species belongs to the kingdom Protista.
b. None, since this species belongs to the kingdom Plantae.
c. None, since this species belongs to the kingdom Animalia.
d. not enough information
60. Inferring Consider the following statement: “Size and shape are NOT reliable indicators of how closely different organisms are related.” What information shown in Figure 18-4 supports this statement?