Chapter 2 Body Structures

Lesson Plans

Objectives:

Define anatomy and physiology and name several subdisciplines

Describe the levels of organization that make up the human body

List the eleven systems of the human body, the organs present in each, and their general function

List and describe the basic structural units of the body

Describe anatomic position

Locate body cavities and abdominopelvic regions

Describe terms related to position, direction, and planes of the body

  1. Anatomy is the science of body structures and the relationships among structures
  2. Physiologyis te science of body functions—how the body parts work
  3. Subdisciplines of anatomy
  4. Embryology
  5. Developmental biology
  6. Histology
  7. Surface anatomy
  8. Gross anatomy
  9. Systemic anatomy
  10. Regional anatomy
  11. Radiographic anatomy
  12. Pathological anatomy
  13. Neurophysiology
  14. Endocrinology
  15. Cardiovascular physiology
  16. Immunology
  17. Respiratory physiology
  18. Renal physiology
  19. Exercise physiology
  1. Organization of the body
  2. Chemical level includes atoms, the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions, and molecules two or more atoms joined together. Certain atoms such as carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), and sulfur (S) are essential to maintain life.
  3. Cellular (cyto) level, molecules combine to form cells, the basic structural and functional units of an organism. Cells are the smallest living units in the human body. Smooth cells, nerve cells, epithelial cells.
  4. Tissues(hist/o) are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function. There are just four basic types of tissue in your body
  5. Epithelial tissue: covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts. It also forms glands.
  6. Connective tissue: protects and supports the body and its organs.
  7. Muscle tissue: generates the physical force needed to make body structures move.
  8. Nervous tissue: detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating nerve impulses that help maintain homeostasis.
  9. Organs are structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually are recognizable by shapes. Lungs, heart, kidneys, brain, stomach, etc.
  10. System consists of related organs that have a common function. Digestive system includes mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, gallbladder, pancreas.
  11. Organism is any living individual.
  1. Directional Terms: (frames 2-8 – 2-32) recall the suffixes –ac, -al, -ar, -iac, and –ior are adjectives endings meaning pertaining to, relating to. These suffixes help describe position, direction, body divisions, and body structures.
  2. Anatomical position
  3. Anterior/Posterior
  4. Ventral/dorsal
  5. Lateral/medial
  6. Inferior/superior
  7. Proximal/distal
  8. Caudal
  9. Cephalic
  1. Review the three basic rules for building medical words page 31.
  2. Body Planes (frames 2-33 – 2-46) Planes are imaginary horizontal and vertical lines that divide the body into sections. A vertical plane is an up and down line at a right angle to the horizon. A horizontal plane is flat, crosswise line like the horizon.
  3. Vertical planes
  4. Midsagittal plane also known as the midline is the vertical plane that divides the body from top to bottom in equal left and right halves.
  5. Sagittal plane is any vertical plane parallel to the midsagittal plane that divies the body into unequal left and right portions
  6. Coronal plane also known as the frontal plane is any vertical plane at right angles to the sagittal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
  1. Horizontal planes
  2. Transverse plane also known as the horizontal plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions. This division can be at the waist.
  1. Body cavities A body cavity is a space within the body that contains and protects the internal organs.
  2. Dorals cavity protects the structures of the nervous system that coordinates the bodily functions. The dorsal cavity is divided into two parts
  3. Cranial cavity, which is located with in the skull, contains the brain.
  4. Spinal cavity which is located with the spinal column, contains the spinal cord.
  5. Ventral cavity contains the body organs that maintain homeostasis. The ventral cavity is divided into three parts:
  6. Thoracic cavity also known as the chest cavity, protects the heart and lungs. The diaphragm separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
  7. Abdominal cavity contains primarily the major organs of digestion.
  8. Pelvic cavity is the space formed by the pelvic bones. It contains primarily the organs of the reproductive and excretory systems. There is no division between the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
  1. Abdominopelvic quadrantsto make it easier to describe where an organ or a pain is located, the abdomen is divided into four imaginary quadrants.
  2. RUQ
  3. LUQ
  4. RLQ
  5. LLQ
  1. Abdominopelvic regions
  2. Abbreviations
  3. AP = anteroposterior; anteroposterior projection has a patient positioned with the back parallel to the film. The x-ray beam travels from anterior to posterior.
  1. Pathological, diagnostic, and therapeutic terms

Chapter 2
Body Structure
Quiz 3
Element / Meaning / Element / Meaning
Basic Structual Units / Suffixes
cartilage / -logist
cyt/o / toward
hist/o / poison
nucleus / study of
Location / separation, destruction, loosening
medi/o / Body Regions
far, farthest / gastr/o
side, to one side / umbilic/o
anter/o / abdomen
infer/o / loins
tail / chest
back / cephal/o
ventr/o / groin
near, nearest / ili/o
back of body, behind / crani/o
Chapter 2
Body Structure
Quiz 3
Element / Meaning / Element / Meaning
Basic Structual Units / Suffixes
chondr/o / cartilage / -logist / specialist
cyt/o / cell / -ad / toward
hist/o / tissue / -toxic / poison
nucle/o / nucleus / -ology / study of
Location / -lysis / separation, destruction, loosening
medi/o / middle / Body Regions
dist/o / far, farthest / gastr/o / stomach
later/o / side, to one side / umbilic/o / Umbilicus, navel
anter/o / front, anterior / abdomin/o / abdomen
infer/o / lower, below / lumb/o / loins
caud/o / tail / thorac/o / chest
dors/o / back / cephal/o / head
ventr/o / belly, belly side / inguin/o / groin
proxim/o / near, nearest / ili/o / ilium
poster/o / back of body, behind / crani/o / cranium

Chapter 2

Body Structure

Quiz 4

Abbreviations / Meaning / Abbreviations / Meaning
LUQ / left lower quadrant
anterioposterior / posteroanterior
RUQ / RLQ
lateral / upper and lower
Make sure that you spelling is correct. This is great time to practice spelling! Make sure to double check if there are hyphens
CT
CXR
MRI
PET
US
SPECT

cavitiesfluoroscopyMRI

cauterizeendoscoperadiopharmaceutical

______directs x-rays through the body to a fluorescent screen to view the motion of organs, such as the digestive tract and heart.

______is a procedure to burn tissue by thermal heat, including steam, electricity, or another agent, such as a laser or dry ice.

______employs magnetic energy without ionizing x-rays to produce cross-sectional images.

______is a drug that contains radioactive substance that travels to an are or a specific organ to be scanned.

______is a specialized lighted instrument to view the interior of organs and cavities.

Chapter 2

Body Structure

Quiz 4

Abbreviations / Meaning / Abbreviations / Meaning
LUQ / Left upper quadrant / LLQ / left lower quadrant
AP / anterioposterior / PA / posteroanterior
RUQ / right upper quadrant / RLQ / Right lower quadrant
Lat / lateral / U&L or U/L / upper and lower
abdomen
Make sure that you spelling is correct. This is great time to practice spelling! Make sure to double check if there are hyphens
CT / computer tomography
CXR / chest x-ray
MRI / Magnetic resonance imagining
PET / Positron emission tomography
US / Ultrasonography or ultrasound
SPECT / Single-photon emission computer tomography

SPECTfluoroscopyMRI

cauterizeendoscoperadiopharmaceutical

______fluoroscopy______directs x-rays through the body to a fluorescent screen to view the motion of organs, such as the digestive tract and heart.

______cauterize______is a procedure to burn tissue by thermal heat, including steam, electricity, or another agent, such as a laser or dry ice.

______MRI______employs magnetic energy without ionizing x-rays to produce cross-sectional images.

______radiopharmaceutical___ is a drug that contains radioactive substance that travels to an area or a specific organ to be scanned.

______endoscope______is a specialized lighted instrument to view the interior of organs and cavities

______SPECT______is similar to PET, but employs a specialized gamma camera that detects emitted radiation to produce a 3D image base on a composite of many views.