GRADE 7/8SOCIAL STUDIESFINAL EXAM - REVIEW
FINAL EXAMINATION REVIEW
UNIT 1: THE RENAISSANCE
Chapter 1: Times of Change
Key Terms:
- Worldview
- Point of View
- Perspective
- feudalism
- hierarchy
- noble
- allegiance
- manor
- freeman
- serfs
- monastery
- Guilds
- Journeyman
- Tithes
- St. Francis of Assisi
- sumptuary laws
- Renaissance
- Jules Michelet
Review Questions
Feudalism
1. Draw a diagram of the Feudal system hierarchy
2. The Feudal system was based on ______, ______, and ______.
3. What was the role of the:
a. King
b. Barons, Abbots/Bishops
c. Knights
d. Villeins/Serfs
Medieval Country Life
1. What allotment of land was given to peasants?
2. What did peasants have to do in exchange for land? What other tasks did they have other than farming?
3. How long did they work for?
Town Life
1. Towns were centers for ______communities.
2. Where were towns generally found close to?
3. How were they protected?
4. What was available in shops?
5. What sorts of conditions existed in the towns?
6. Towns offered ______and new opportunities.
What were some of these opportunities.
7. What was the role of Guilds?
8. What was one advantage that came with the rise of towns?
Challenges to the Feudal System
1. Black Death
When, where, what, how, why?
2. Why did the Peasants revolt? What happened?
Time & Money
1. Why did money start to become important to people, and what was the result of this?
2. How was time read in the Medieval Manor?
3. When were mechanical clocks developed?
A Religious Society
1. Draw a diagram of the Church Hierarchy
2. What competitive “business” became prevalent during the Middle Ages?
3. What did many men and women become? What did they devote their lives to?
4. What did many of the monasteries become?
5. What sorts of attitudes started to develop amongst people which changed their attitudes towards religion?
Wealth in Society
1. What was the name of the new class that developed after the rise of towns? What was the basis for their position in this class?
2. During the Renaissance how did people show their economic status?
3. Draw the new Social Structure that developed after Feudalism. Be sure to include what types of people were included under each class.
A New Age
1. The Renaissance began in what country?
Chapters 2-3: The Expansion of Trade & The Humanist Approach
Key Terms:
- City-States
- Hinterland
- Italy “Europe’s Gateway to the East”
- Ciompi
- “Florin”
- Usury
- Humanist (Humanism)
- Civic Humanism
- Arsenal
- Crusade
Review Questions
Rise of International Trade
- Identify the trade goods produced and traded on the Silk Road.
- Identify the country and the goods produced.
- What was the result of the religious wars between the Christians and the Muslims?
- What were the two important results of the Crusades for Europeans?
- What new ideas were Europeans exposed to?
- What was so special about spices such as cinnamon, cloves and nutmeg? What was the most sought after spice?
- How did the Europeans export goods?
- What sorts of things were traded for goods produced in other places?
- Who were the most active participants in the trade?
- What comparisons exist in the location between the major cities in Europe with those of Canada? Why?
Italian City States
- How did the hinterland support life in Florence?
- What four factors led to the success of the Italian City states? Be able to give reasons.
- How does the physical geography of Italy explain where the cities developed?
- Compare the economic, geographic, knowledge and social worldview under Feudalism and people living in the city-states.
- Who were the 2 great maritime powers in Italy?
- Which city controlled the trade with Spanish ports in Barcelona and Valencia?
- How did the church view usury, and how did they encourage investment?
- What was the purpose of:
- Partnerships & Joint Stock Companies
- Banks
- Bills of Exchange
- Insurance
- Why did wealthy people spend money on the arts?
A Rebirth of Ideas (Chapter 3)
- What were the 4 ways that humanism was integrated into the Christian religion?
- The people believed that they could shape their lives through what?
- How is Humanism NOT a part of the Christian worldview?
- What sorts of humanists existed during the Renaissance?
- Identify Humanist Education and how it operated, and what people believed with regards to it? What sorts of things were added to the more general subjects that were taught during the Middle Ages?
- How were Humanist ideas expressed during the Renaissance through: (give at least one example for each)
- Painting
- Sculpture
- Architecture
- Literature
Chapters 4-6: The Exchange of Ideas; Age of Exploration; “O Brave New World”
Identify:
- Scientific Method
- International Language
- Girolamo Savonarola
- Martin Luther
- Synod
- Canon
- Canons of Dort
- Jacob Arminius
- Johannes Gutenberg
- Nicholas Copernicus
- Johannes Kepler
- Galileo
- Three M’s of Exploration – Explain each.
- Patron
- Prince Henry of Portugal
- Expansionism
- Bartholomew Dias
- Vasco da Gama
- Christopher Columbus
- Ferdinand Magellan
- Amerigo Vespucci
- John Cabot
- Jacques Cartier
- Marco Polo
- Samuel de Champlain
- Compass
- Astrolabe
- Cross-Staff
- Back-Staff
- Treaty of Tordesillas
- Imperialism
- Sweatshops
- Queen Elizabeth 1
- Patriotism
Review Questions
Chapter 4 – The Exchange of Ideas
1. What were the most important scientific advancements in this period?
2. For thousands of years most people believed that the ______went around the ______.
3. Who challenged this worldview and what did he teach?
4. What role did Medicine play during the Renaissance?
5. Why did the Roman Catholic Church lose a lot of its power?
6. What things allowed ideas to be quickly spread during this time period?
Chapter 5 – Age of Exploration
1. Why did trade grow across Europe?
2. What were two problems of trade at this time, how was this problem solved?
3. What did Europeans use money for?
4. Why did Europeans need to find new sources of gold and silver?
5. How would a Christian justify exploration?
6. Which countries began exploration, and which countries did they discover?
7. Using the map on p. 120 be aware of where each explorer traveled.
Chapter 6 – “O Brave New World”
1. How did Spain become wealthy?
2. What was the response of the English sailors, and who supported these illegal acts?
3. What was the terrible cost to European Imperialism?
4. Highlight the major differences between the beginning of the Renaissance and the end using the worldviews of Economy, Religion, Government and Society.
5. What 4 things did the Europeans learn during the Age of Exploration?
6. Which countries in addition to Spain realized that through Imperialism they too could become wealthy?
7. How did Europeans see themselves in comparison to the peoples of the Americas, and what attitudes led them to disregard the rights of Indigenous and First Nations peoples to their traditional lands?
8. European expansionism also contributed to the establishment of trade in African slaves. Who was it carried out by and what did they do?
UNIT 2: THE AZTECS & SPANISH CONFLICT
Chapters 7-8 - The People of the Sun; For the Good of the People
Identify:
1. Sacred & physical landscape
2. Tenochtitlan
3. Chinampas
4. Causeways
5. Tribute. (Give some examples)
6. Calpolli
7. Artisans
8. Quetzal bird
9. Ocelots
10. Codices
11. Calmecac
12. Telpochcalli
13. Glyphs
14. The number “20”
Mapping
1. Be prepared to complete a map of the valley of Mexico.
2. Be prepared to identify the Aztec empire on a modern day map.
Review Questions
The Physical Landscape
1. Why did the Aztecs finally settle in Tenochtitlan?
- why was this not an ideal setting?
2. How did the mountains surrounding Tenochtitlan benefit the Aztecs?
- why were the mountains important to the Aztecs?
3. What was the purpose of Chinampas?
- how were they built?
- what did farmers grow on Chinampas?
- how did farmers access their crops?
- what was grown on Chinampas?
4. Compare the Aztec Geography with the Canadian Geography
- Consider: maps, war/empire, Agriculture, trade.
Aztec Religion
1. Identify the four main gods of the Aztecs. Give a detailed description of each.
2. Why was Human Sacrifice important to the Aztecs?
- who was human sacrifice usually performed on?
- why was war important to the Aztecs?
3. Give a brief description of the Aztec Calendar.
- why was the calendar important to the Aztecs?
4. What did Aztec Philosophers believe regarding the earth?
5. Why were temples built on top of mountains?
Expanding the Empire
1. In what ways did the Aztecs expand their empire through trade?
2. If the Aztecs were such good farmers themselves, why would the need to trade for goods with other societies?
3. What role did merchants play in the Aztec way of life?
4. What motivated the Aztecs to create such a great empire?
5. Explain the Aztec’s belief on Military service? What would happen to someone who did not fight in the army?
Aztec Social Hierarchy
1. Be prepared to draw the Aztec social hierarchy.
2. Explain the roles of the:
- emperor
- calpolli
- merchants
- farmers
- artisans
3. How was the Quetzal bird important to the Aztecs?
4. How was status determined in Aztec culture?
5. How could one move up in society under Aztec culture?
Aztec Education
1. When did Aztecs begin schooling?
2. Aztec education was ______and every ______went to school.
3. Explain what education was like for the nobles. Provide examples of what they might have studied.
4. How did Aztecs count?
5. Explain what education was like for the commoners. Provide examples of what they studied.
6. Explain what education was like for women.
Contributing to Society
1. What were the 5 virtues of the Ideal Aztec Citizen? Describe.
2. Explain the legal system in Aztec culture?
3. What were the laws regarding slaves?
- How did the Aztecs view slavery?
Chapter 9 - Spain Looks Westward
Identify:
1. Spanish Inquisition
2. Monotheism
3. Polytheism
4. Granada
5. Hidalgos
6. Principalities
7. Caliph
8. Acadians (p. 204)
9. Missionaries
10. Reconquista
Geography & Religion:
1. Two reasons why Muslims were able to take control of Spain.
- How might life change under Muslim rule?
2. What were the positive and negative impacts of Muslim rule in Spain?
3. Two reasons why the Muslims lost control of Spain.
Creating a Christian Spain:
1. Who came to help the Spanish Christian forces win territory from the Muslims?
2. What step did King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella take to unite Spain under one religion?
3. What choice were Muslims and Jews given under the Inquisition?
- Some decided to ______Spain; some ______to ______.
- What was the effect upon Spain of the expulsion of Muslims and Jews?
4. Identify 3 groups who experienced expulsion in Canada.
5. What was Ferdinand and Isabella’s believe regarding their religious duty?
6. Who did all Spanish explorers including Columbus bring with them on their voyages?
Gold & Glory:
1. How important do you think wealth and fame are in today’s society? Explain.
- How does the search for them affect people’s attitudes and behaviour?
2. In what year did Granada surrender?
3. What did King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella hope that Columbus’s mission might achieve?
4. What did Columbus actually find when arriving in the Americas?
- what was the reaction to this finding?
- what did they do in response?
5. How did Spanish nobles support themselves?
- explain their wealth i.e. what did they own etc.
6. What did the nobles believe regarding other types of work, such as tilling the soil and trades?
- what did they become involved with instead?
Chapter 10 – A Deadly Meeting
Chapter 11 – Worldviews in Conflict
Identify:
- Conquistador
- Governor Velazquez
- War Club
- Wooden Spear
- Atlatl (spear thrower)
- Sword
- Halberd
- Crossbow
- Epidemic
- Intermediary
- Montezuma
- Encomienda system
Chapter 10 – A Deadly Meeting
Review Questions:
1. Briefly describe Cortes, and what his ambitions were.
2. What was Cortes’ formula?
3. What weapons were unknown to the Aztecs? What was their reaction to the firearms going off?
4. How were horses an advantage for the Spanish over the Aztecs?
5. Explain the role of disease in the Aztec civilization.
6. What was the Spanish’s strategy in trying to overcome the Aztecs? (Cortes’ strategy).
7. Whose help did Cortes’ seek to try and overcome the Aztecs?
8. In what ways did Cortes’ constantly change his strategy on his march into Tenochtitlan?
9. What strategy did the Aztecs employ (Montezuma) when the Spanish were getting close to Tenochtitlan?
10. Briefly explain the battle at Tenochtitlan.
Chapter 11: Worldviews in Conflict
Review Questions:
1. How did the Aztecs view of their religion change after they were defeated during the war?
2. What was the new economic system that was introduced by the Spanish? (hint: new social hierarchy pg. 242)
3. After the Aztecs surrendered Cortes’s men threatened to rebel, why?
4. What two policies did Cortes put in place to solve this problem?
5. What did he achieve by implementing these two policies?
6. Why did King Carlos take the governorship of New Spain away from Cortes?
7. In what year did Mexico become independent from Spain? Why did they become independent from Spain?
UNIT 3: JAPAN
Essay 1: Jimmu
1. How was Japan Created?
2. Who was the first Emperor of Japan?
3. In what year did he get this position?
4. Who were the Ainu and where did they live?
5. What 3 things proved the ancestry of the imperial family?
6. Emperor (ess) believed they are descendants of?
7. Jimmu gained control of Japan about 660 BC after he successfully battled against whom?
Essay 2: Shotoku:
1. When was Shotoku born?
2. What was the oldest religion in Japan – what did it teach?
3. Where was Buddhism founded?
4. How did it come into Japan?
5. When Japanese people were confronted with Buddhism, how did they respond?
6. What five teachers did Shotoku bring into Japan?
7. What type of government did he introduce?
8. 3 things were adopted later from the Chinese to continue to improve Japan.
9. In what year did he die?
10. Describe what life was like for women in Ancient Japan.
11. Who wrote the Tale of Genji?
Essay 3: Yoritomo:
1. What was the favourite weapon in early Japan?
2. With what word do we associate the phrase “one who serves”?
3. The Samurai were required to?
4. What did women Samarui do?
5. In 1160 which families feuded – who won this battle?
6. If Lady Minamoto would become the Taira leader’s wife, what would happen to her two sons?
7. What did the 2 sons eventually do?
8. What does a shogun mean? – Who was the first?
9. When the Minamotos won the final battle what was lost?
10. Who was the boy emperor?
11. What did Yoritomo force Yoshitsune to do?
12. How did Yoritomo die?
13. Code of the Samarui was based on what 4 things?
Essay 4: Kublai Khan:
1. Match the people with who they would show respect to:
a. Husbandyounger brother
b. Childrenwife
c. Older brotherfather
2. Kublai Khan was the leader of who?
3. In what year did Khan send leaders to Japan – what were his orders?
4. He used soldiers from what countries?
5. He was forced to retreat in the 1st battle because he was confused by what?
6. What did he do in 1274 A.D?
7. What did he do the 2nd time? - How many men did he bring the second time?
8. How many years did it take between attacks?
9. How did the Japanese win the war against the Mongols?
10. What did they call this divine wind?
11. In what year did Japanese divers discover the Mongolian armada?
Essay 5: Hideyoshi
1. What did Hideyoshi set up to make sure his son would be the next shogun?
2. How long did the Period of the Warring States last – give the years…
3. Who tried to become Shogun of Japan?
4. Who was his general?
5. What did the Portuguese bring to Japan – in what year?
6. Why was this important to Japan?
7. Who was assassinated in 1582?
8. Who took over Nobunaga’s army – who could he never defeat?
9. Hideyoshi built a huge castle at…
10. In what year did Hideyoshi’s son die? In what year was his other son born?
11. What did Hideyoshi want to conquer?
12. Whom did he conquer first?
13. Did Hideyoshi eventually conquer Japan?
14. When did Hideyoshi die?
Essay 6: Ieyasu Tokugawa
1. Who died in 1599? Whom did he trust with his family?
2. In what year did Tokugawa become Shogun?
3. In what year did he attack the castle at Osaka and who died as a result?
4. During the Tokugawa period of Shogun the system known as ______was used.
5. Describe Japanese feudalism
6. What were the 3 classes of people during this time?
7. Two types of plays existed – what were the names?
8. Who taught that all people should obey their superiors?
9. How long did the title of shogun remain in Tokugawa’s family?
10. What did Confucius teach?
Essay 7: Matthew Perry
1. Which port remained open during the period of Tokugawa’s reign as shogun?
2. Which two countries did Japan only trade with?
3. All things not Japanese were …
4. In what year(s) did Perry come to Japan?
5. What three things did he bring with him?
6. What was signed between the US and Japan on the 2nd visit?
7. For how long was Japan never conquered?
8. How did Tokugawa’s reign of power end?
9. How long did Japan remain closed?
Essay 8: World War II
1. Why did Japan enter WWII?
2. Japan called the USA what?
3. Who was the president of the USA?