Additional file 14: Traits studied under the four trait groups (drought tolerance, yield potential, lodging resistance, and adaptation to direct seeding) with trait codes and ecosystems.

Group / Trait / Trait code / Ecosystems
Group 1: / Plant height (cm) / T1 / Lowland stress
Drought tolerance / Increase of canopy temperature (ºC d-1) / T2 / Lowland stress
Canopy temperature (ºC) / T3 / Lowland stress
Reduction of NDVI (early stress) / T4 / Lowland stress
Reduction of NDVI (severe stress) / T5 / Lowland stress
NDVI / T6 / Lowland stress
Absolute amount of sap (g) / T7 / Lowland stress
Bleeding rate (g sap g-1 shoot) / T8 / Lowland stress
Number of tillers m-2 (mid-stress) / T9 / Lowland stress
Shoot biomass at mid-stress (g) / T10 / Lowland stress
Leaf area at mid-stress (cm2) / T11 / Lowland stress
Leaf:Stemratio at mid-stress / T12 / Lowland stress
Specific leaf area at mid-stress (cm2 g-1) / T13 / Lowland stress
Days to flowering / T14 / Lowland stress
Root mass density (0-15 cm; cmroot cm-3soil) / T15 / Lowland stress
Root mass density (15-30 cm; cmroot cm-3soil) / T16 / Lowland stress
Root mass density (30-45 cm; cmroot cm-3soil) / T17 / Lowland stress
Root mass density (45-60 cm; cmroot cm-3soil) / T18 / Lowland stress
Percentage deep roots / T19 / Lowland stress
Grain yield (kgha-1) / T20 / Lowland stress
Number of tiller m-2 at harvest / T21 / Lowland stress
Number of panicle m-2 at harvest / T22 / Lowland stress
Percentage grain fertility (by weight) / T23 / Lowland stress
Weight of 1000 grains (g) / T24 / Lowland stress
Panicle length at harvest (cm) / T25 / Lowland stress
Leaf:Stemratio at harvest / T26 / Lowland stress
Nodal root number / T27 / Lowland non-stress
Group 2: / Days to flowering / T28 / Lowland non-stress
Yield potential / Grain yield (kgha-1) / T29 / Lowland non-stress
Plant height (cm) / T30 / Lowland non-stress
Shoot biomass (kgha-1) / T31 / Lowland non-stress
Number of tiller m-2 at harvest / T32 / Lowland non-stress
Number of panicle m-2 at harvest / T33 / Lowland non-stress
Harvest index / T34 / Lowland non-stress
Panicle length at harvest (cm) / T35 / Lowland non-stress
Percentage grain fertility (by weight) / T36 / Lowland non-stress
Group 3: / Stem diameter (mm) / T37 / Upland
Lodging resistance / Stem strength (mm) / T38 / Upland
Dry weight per plant (g) / T39 / Upland
Fresh weight per plant (g) / T40 / Upland
Stem diameter (mm) / T41 / Lowland
Stem strength (mm) / T42 / Lowland
Dry weight per plant (g) / T43 / Lowland
Fresh weight per plant (g) / T44 / Lowland
Group 4: / Days to flowering / T45 / Upland
DSR adaptation / First emergence (DS2013) / T46 / Upland
Full emergence (DS2013) / T47 / Upland
Grain yield (kgha-1) / T48 / Upland
Plant height (cm) / T49 / Upland
Shoot biomass (kgha-1) / T50 / Upland
Number of tiller m-2 at harvest / T51 / Upland
Number of panicle m-2 at harvest / T52 / Upland
Harvest index / T53 / Upland
Panicle length at harvest (cm) / T54 / Upland
Percentage grain fertility (by weight) / T55 / Upland
Weight of 1000 grains (g) / T56 / Upland
First emergence (WS2013) / T57 / Upland
Full emergence (WS2013) / T58 / Upland
Relative growth rate (WS2013) / T59 / Upland
Plant height (cm, WS2013) / T60 / Upland
Relative growth rate (Lowland, DS2013) / T61 / Upland
First emergence (Lowland, DS2013) / T62 / Upland
Full emergence (Lowland, DS2013) / T63 / Upland
Shoot dry weight I (WS 2013) / T64 / Upland
Shoot dry weight II (WS 2013) / T65 / Upland
Shoot dry weight III (WS 2013) / T66 / Upland