Supplementary material
Effects of copper fungicide residues on the microbial function of vineyard soils
Adam M. Wightwick, Scott A. Salzman, Suzanne M. Reichman,
Graeme Allinson*, Neal W. Menzies
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Table S-1Selected physical-chemical properties of vineyard and reference sites soils from the different regionsa
Region/soil type / pH
(H2O) / Total Organic Carbon
(%) / Cation Exchange Capacity (cmol/kg) / Clay
(%) / Electrical conductivity (mS/cm)
Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD
south east, SA
Under vine / 8.0 / 8.0 / 0.2 / 2.4 / 2.4 / 0.4 / 25.4 / 23.8 / 6.16 / 26.2 / 27.3 / 7.62 / 0.23 / 0.23 / 0.03
Mid row / 7.6 / 7.6 / 0.3 / 4.1 / 4.3 / 0.8 / 26.1 / 25.0 / 6.18 / 31.0 / 27.4 / 7.94 / 0.28 / 0.30 / 0.06
Reference / 7.7 / 7.5 / 0.5 / 4.5 / 5.3 / 2.5 / 26.0 / 24.7 / 6.68 / 29.7 / 31.9 / 8.36 / 0.25 / 0.31 / 0.15
Grampians
Under vine / 6.9 / 6.8 / 1.0 / 1.7 / 1.9 / 1.1 / 6.26 / 7.29 / 3.12 / 11.7 / 11.8 / 4.73 / 0.27 / 0.28 / 0.14
Mid row / 5.9 / 6.0 / 0.7 / 2.2 / 2.6 / 1.1 / 6.73 / 7.06 / 3.38 / 10.6 / 11.6 / 4.65 / 0.22 / 0.35 / 0.26
Reference / 5.8 / 5.8 / 0.7 / 4.2 / 3.9 / 1.4 / 5.52 / 6.78 / 2.83 / 16.9 / 17.4 / 8.99 / 0.13 / 0.16 / 0.10
MurrayValley
Under vine / 8.3 / 8.2 / 0.5 / 1.3 / 1.3 / 0.3 / 21.9 / 19.0 / 6.32 / 16.5 / 16.0 / 4.99 / 0.18 / 0.36 / 0.55
Mid row / 8.3 / 8.1 / 0.5 / 1.3 / 1.3 / 0.3 / 21.5 / 18.5 / 6.65 / 18.2 / 16.6 / 3.93 / 0.13 / 0.15 / 0.06
Reference / 8.1 / 8.1 / 0.3 / 2.6 / 2.8 / 1.3 / 21.0 / 20.2 / 6.72 / 11.7 / 12.9 / 6.18 / 0.28 / 0.30 / 0.19
a All regions, undervine and mid row soils n = 10; reference soils, south east, SA n = 8, Grampians n = 7, MurrayValley n = 6. SD = standard deviation
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Table S-2 Multiple linear regression relationships between enzyme activities and physical-chemical soil properties and concentrations of metals in the soils(all models P < 0.05)
Enzyme activity / Regression equation / Adjusted R2Phosphomonoesterase
All regions / 961 – 125pH 59.2TOC 6.83CaCl2 extractable Mn 1.7total Cu 0.17total P 3.95clay / 0.91
south east, SA / 2174 + 55.2TOC – 267pH – 1.42total Cu / 0.87
Grampians / 978 + 4.78CaCl2 extractable Mn – 131pH + 1230total N / 0.88
MurrayValley / 739 + 58.6TOC – 101pH + 4.73silt / 0.81
Arylsulfatase
All regions / 1.4 12.1TOC – 1.08CaCl2 extractable Mn – 0.002total Ca / 0.74
south east, SA / 20.3 + 14.8TOC - 0.003total Ca – 9.49 exchangeable K / 0.87
Grampians / 4.47 + 5.70 exchangeable Ca – 0.009total Ca / 0.34
MurrayValley / 3.28 + 99.0total N / 0.45
Urease
All regions / 1.76 4.36TOC – 33.9total N / 0.41
south east, SA / 93.9 – 12.1pH + 3.12 exchangeable Mg / 0.56
Grampians / -0.51 + 0.13total Cr + 1.22TOC / 0.59
MurrayValley / 5.56 + 1.94TOC – 0.006total P / 0.49
Phenol oxidase
All regions / 29.8 5.27total Ni – 199total N 0.007totalCa – 0.008total K + 0.80total Pb / 0.56
south east, SA / -397 + 145total Cd + 58.3pH – 17.0 exchangeable K / 0.65
Grampians / -30.5 + 108 exchangeable K + 3.73total Pb – 3.30Clay / 0.67
MurrayValley / -270 + 2.86 exchangeable Ca + 37.0pH + 67.6CaCl2 extractable Cu / 0.82
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Table S-3(a)Concentrations of total metals (mg/kg) in the vineyard and reference site soils from the different regionsa
Region/soil type / Boron / Cadmium / Chromium / Copper / Lead / Zinc
Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD
south east, SA
Under vine / 34 / 38 / 18 / 0.30 / 0.38 / 0.27 / 29 / 29 / 8.1 / 77 / 84 / 32 / 28 / 30 / 17 / 16 / 28 / 25
Mid row / 33 / 36 / 17 / 0.31 / 0.36 / 0.27 / 29 / 28 / 7.8 / 93 / 96 / 36 / 26 / 28 / 17 / 22 / 32 / 31
Reference / 30 / 34 / 16 / 0.28 / 0.31 / 0.17 / 26 / 26 / 6.9 / 29 / 35 / 20 / 24 / 25 / 9.0 / 23 / 38 / 31
Grampians
Under vine / 16 / 19 / 10 / 0.24 / 0.24 / 0.11 / 15 / 24 / 16 / 44 / 51 / 33 / 17 / 20 / 6.9 / 25 / 30 / 21
Mid row / 15 / 19 / 11 / 0.20 / 0.23 / 0.13 / 15 / 23 / 17 / 34 / 37 / 14 / 15 / 18 / 8.2 / 15 / 24 / 22
Reference / 27 / 24 / 12 / 0.26 / 0.26 / 0.11 / 25 / 28 / 19 / 22 / 28 / 22 / 19 / 19 / 7.3 / 37 / 37 / 29
MurrayValley
Under vine / 16 / 18 / 7.2 / 0.22 / 0.21 / 0.09 / 12 / 13 / 2.9 / 58 / 64 / 21 / 21 / 22 / 7.7 / 39 / 40 / 11
Mid row / 17 / 16 / 4.5 / 0.18 / 0.20 / 0.08 / 13 / 13 / 2.3 / 55 / 60 / 20 / 22 / 22 / 7.8 / 35 / 36 / 7.9
Reference / 16 / 16 / 5.3 / 0.08 / 0.10 / 0.04 / 11 / 11 / 3.3 / 28 / 29 / 17 / 17 / 16 / 6.9 / 47 / 68 / 68
a All regions, undervine and mid row soils n = 10; reference soils, south east, SA, n = 8, Grampians n = 7, MurrayValley n = 6. SD = standard deviation
Table S-3(b)Concentrations of CaCl2 extractable metals (mg/kg) in the vineyard and reference site soils from the different regionsa
Aluminium / Boron / Cadmium / Chromium / Manganese / Nickel / Lead / ZincMean / SD / Mean / SD / Mean / SD / Mean / SD / Mean / SD / Mean / SD / Mean / SD / Mean / SD
South east, SA
Under vine / <0.45 / 0 / 0.38 / 0.07 / <0.008 / 0 / <0.11 / 0 / 0.33 / 0.28 / <0.12 / 0 / <0.02 / 0 / <0.05 / 0
Mid row / <0.45 / 0 / 0.37 / 0.07 / <0.008 / 0 / <0.11 / 0 / 0.79 / 0.44 / <0.12 / 0 / <0.02 / 0 / <0.05 / 0
Reference / <0.45 / 0 / 0.50 / 0.35 / <0.008 / 0 / <0.11 / 0 / 1.24 / 2.19 / <0.12 / 0 / <0.02 / 0 / <0.05 / 0
Grampians
Under vine / 0.86 / 0.51 / 0.35 / 0.12 / 0.01 / 0.00 / <0.11 / 0 / 7.79 / 9.26 / <0.12 / 0 / <0.02 / 0 / 0.38 / 0.33
Mid row / 1.29 / 0.76 / 0.26 / 0.09 / 0.01 / 0.01 / <0.11 / 0 / 13.06 / 12.75 / <0.12 / 0 / <0.02 / 0 / 0.39 / 0.33
Reference / 2.37 / 2.29 / 0.28 / 0.11 / 0.02 / 0.01 / <0.11 / 0 / 26.76 / 12.59 / <0.12 / 0 / <0.02 / 0 / 0.70 / 0.98
MurrayValley
Under vine / <0.45 / 0 / 0.72 / 0.36 / <0.008 / 0 / <0.11 / 0 / 0.63 / 0.68 / <0.12 / 0 / <0.02 / 0 / 0.08 / 0.02
Mid row / <0.45 / 0 / 0.51 / 0.18 / <0.008 / 0 / <0.11 / 0 / 0.42 / 0.59 / <0.12 / 0 / <0.02 / 0 / <0.05 / 0
Reference / <0.45 / 0 / 0.75 / 0.34 / <0.008 / 0 / <0.11 / 0 / 0.44 / 0.37 / <0.12 / 0 / <0.02 / 0 / <0.05 / 0
a All regions, under vine and mid row soils n = 10; reference soils, south east SA, n = 8, Grampians n = 7, MurrayValley n = 6
Table S-4Enzyme activity of vineyard and reference site soils from the different regions (after 54 days of incubation)a
Region/soil type / Phosphomonoesterase
g p-nitrophenol/g dry soil/h) / Arylsulfatase
g p-nitrophenol/g dry soil/h) / Urease
g NH4/g dry soil/h) / Phenol oxidase
mol diqc/g dry soil/min)
Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD
south east, SA
Under vine / 132 / 148 / 55.0 / 13.0 / 13.8 / 6.44 / 3.70 / 4.81 / 4.85 / 57.3 / 67.4 / 42.8
Mid row / 304 / 305 / 119 / 51.7 / 47.0 / 11.7 / 6.37 / 8.02 / 5.65 / 39.5 / 57.8 / 52.5
Reference / 498 / 506 / 215 / 44.3 / 56.2 / 38.0 / 8.66 / 11.2 / 8.31 / 24.7 / 31.7 / 28.5
Grampians
Under vine / 183 / 267 / 200 / 9.79 / 11.7 / 7.81 / 4.28 / 4.64 / 3.11 / 29.6 / 69.7 / 62.4
Mid row / 451 / 546 / 269 / 15.2 / 16.7 / 11.3 / 3.95 / 5.02 / 2.38 / 27.5 / 51.2 / 44.7
Reference / 712 / 687 / 219 / 10.9 / 12.2 / 10.5 / 8.90 / 9.26 / 6.15 / 23.1 / 61.4 / 74.7
MurrayValley
Under vine / 76.4 / 108 / 88.5 / 9.81 / 9.10 / 7.02 / 3.85 / 4.04 / 2.52 / 93.2 / 91.2 / 33.8
Mid row / 102 / 99.5 / 61.4 / 4.64 / 7.44 / 9.70 / 2.56 / 3.77 / 3.22 / 104 / 86.0 / 37.4
Reference / 155 / 212 / 138 / 17.8 / 18.1 / 11.5 / 7.66 / 8.03 / 3.52 / 86.7 / 81.5 / 20.7
a All regions, undervine and mid row soils n = 10; reference soils, south east, SA, n = 8, Grampians n = 7, MurrayValley n = 6
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* Corresponding author: Department of Primary Industries, PO BOX 114, Queenscliff ,Vic, Australia 3225; telephone: +61-3-52580111; Email: