TABLE OF ELECTROLYTE HOMEOSTASIS
ConditionTermCausesEffectsHomeostatic Recovery Mechanism
highhypernatremiasweatingcells shrinkANP inhibits renin/ DCT/CD then secretes Na
ingesting too much Naincreased blood pressurehypothalamus initiates thirst
pure water lossCNS dysfunctionADH by post pituitary stimulates water uptake from DCT/CD
Na+lethargymacula densa cells inhibit renin
seizures
lowhyponatremiadietcells swellJG cells secrete renin that simulates alddosterone and Na uptake at DCT
solute lossCNS dysfunction
water retentioncardiac arrhythmias
decreased blood volume
highhyperkalemiaexcess K intakeslow heart conductionDCT secretes more K
kidney failurecardiac arrest
acidosismuscle weakness
burnsrestleness
K+tissue injurydiarrhea
lowhypokalemiaalkalosisdecrease muscle activityDCT excretes less K
vomiting muscle weaknesssome reabsorption of K in PCT
diureticshyperpolarization of neurons
unbalanced dietcardiac arrhythmia
diarrhearespiratory arrest
highhypercalcemiatoo much Vitamin Dmuscle paralysiscalcitonin decreases osteolcasts and increases osteoblast activity
Hyperthyroidnausea
Pagetsletargy
cardiac arrest
Ca++over calcification
lowhypocalcemiaburnsmuscle spasmsPTH decreases osteoblast and increases osteolclast activity
Vitamin D deficiencytetanusPTH stimulates kidneyt to make Vitamin D
alkalosisosteomalacia/ricketsPTH stimulates intestine to take up more calcium and phosphate
osteoporosis
decreased growth
highHigh BPhigh saltdamaged blood vesselsatria releases ANP
IV overdosageaneurymsmsincreased GFR
Too much waterhigh afterload
High sympathethicADH by post pituitary stimulates water uptake from DCT/CD
Blood Pressure
lowLow BPblood losstinsufficient nutrient deliveryJG release renin
fluid lossinsufficient oxygen deliverybaroreceptors sti8mulate sympathetic
hypothalamus stimulates thirst
decreased GFR
Post. Hypothalamus stimulates ADH
Atria stops releasing ANP
highhypervolemiadrinking salt waterhigh blood pressureinhibit aldosterone
isotonic fluid IV errorsinhibit ADH
Water retentionANP
lowhypovolemiablood losslow blood pressureincrease aldosterone from JG cells
fluid lossincrease ADH from hypothalamus
thirst
sympathetic
highoverhydrationdrinking too much waterdilutes solutesdecrease ADH
waterarrythmias, CNS dysfunctionANP
sympathetic
lowdehydrationsweatingconcentrates solutesADH
arrythmias, CNS dysfunctionangiotensin
thirst
metabolicvomiting
diuretics
constipation
excess aldosterone
highalkalosisalters shapes of proteins3 solutions to acid/base imbalances are…
hypokalemaia and associated1. Chemical buffers
respiratoryhyperventilationa. carboncate-carbonic acid
pHbrain tumorb. protein
c. phosphate
2. Respiratory
metabolicdiarrheaa. Increase C02, increase acid
renal diseaseb. decrease CO2, decrease acid
diabetes
lowacidosisdietalters shapes of proteins3.Kidneys
alcoholhyperkalemia and associateda. High acid, excrete acid, absorb/make bicarbonate
b. Low acid, excrete bicarbonate.
respiratoryimpaired gas exchanged
rapid shallow breathing
narcotic overdose