David Winkleman
WWI
I. WWI Begins: U.S. Neutrality
· 1908 Bosnia annexed by Austria
· 1914 WWI started
· Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand
· Serbia-Austria Hungary
· Threatened by Russia and France
· Wilson-Neutrality Proclamation
§ 5 million Irish ties
§ British
§ German Sympathies
§ Close ties Cultural
§ 11 million with blood ties
§ Trans Atlantic Cable
· Most Anti-German
§ Kaiser Wilhelm-Arrogant Autocracy
§ German Attack on Neutral Belgium
§ Spy plans Industrial Sabotage
II. U.S. Neutrality Challenged
· British Violate
§ Control sea lanes
§ Blockaded North Sea Ships and mines
§ Force American ships into British Ports
§ Black List of Neutral Firms that traded with central powers, everything confiscated
· German Retaliate
§ Submarine Warfare
§ Try not to sink neutral shipping
· Lusitania 1915
§ British Passenger Liner
§ Some small arms and ammo (4,200 cases)
§ 1198 lives lost, 128 American
§ American Response
· Protest letter
· Bryan resigns (felt letter violated neutrality)
· Arabic 1915
§ Germany Promise to warn ships
· Sussex 1916
§ French Liner
§ Without warning
· Sussex Ultimatum
§ Wilson infuriated
§ Unless the Germans end URSW
§ Break diplomatic relations
§ Precursor to war
§ Germans agree not to strike without warning
§ String-Persuade British to modify blockade
III. Election of 1916
· Republican T.R. refuses to split Republicans again, and kills Progressive Party
· Supreme Court Justice Charles Evans Hughes
· Platform
§ High Tariff
§ Wishy Washyness of Wilson: Mexico and Germany
· T.R. speeches hurt
· Evans-Fence Sitting
· Democratic Wilson
§ He kept us out of war
§ Very close election Hinged on California 3,800
§ Pro-labor and Ex Bull Moosers
IV. U.S. Enters War
· 1917
§ German Resume Unrestricted Unlimited Sub War (in war zone)
§ Wilson Broke Diplomatic Relations
· Zimmerman Note
§ German Foreign Secretary
§ Mexican Cession
§ Germany-Mexico Alliance
· Overt Acts
§ Sank 4 unarmed American merchant vessels
· Russian Revolution
§ Removed Tsar
§ War for Democracy
· April 2nd 1917
§ War Message
· April 6th
§ War Declared
V. Wilson Combats Isolationism
· War to end War (Idealism)
· War for Democracy
· Peace without Victory
· Fourteen Points
§ 1. Abolish Secret Treaties
§ 2. Freedom of the Seas
§ 3. Free Trade-Removal of Economic Barrier
§ 4. Reduce Armaments
§ 5. Colonial Boundaries
§ 6.-13. Self Determination
§ 14. League of Nations
· Committee on Public Information: George Creel
§ 4 minute men-speeches
§ Propaganda
· Billboards
· Posters
· Radio
· Pamphlets
· Movies
· Bloody Huns the Baby Killers
· George M. Cohan
· Anti-German Intimidation/Hysteria
§ Liberty Cabbage-Saurkraut
§ Liberty steak-Hamburger
§ Hot Dogs-Frankfurter
§ Teaching German
§ Alcohol German Brewers
· Drive to 18th Amendment
· Persecution of Opposition
§ Postmaster General Albert S. Burleson
§ Schenck v. U.S.
· Clear and Present Danger written by S.C.
· Oliver Wendell Holmes
§ Eugene V. Debs
· 10 years
· non-inflammatory speech about economic causes of war
§ Rose Pastor Stokes
· 10 years
· I am for the people, the government is for the profiteers
§ Kate Richards O’Hare
· 1 year
· The women of U.S. are nothing but brood sows to raise children to send into army and turned into fertilizer.
· Espionage Act of 1917
§ $10,000
§ 20 years
§ Insubordination, disloyalty, or refusal of service, false ports
§ Loosely Defined anti-war practices
§ Wagner
§ Anti-War Socialists
· Eugene V. Debs
· Big Bill Haywood
· Sedition Act 1918
§ 1,500 pacifists
§ 1,000 convicted
§ Using abusive language about government, flag, or mil.
§ Anti-War Socialists
· Eugene V. Debs
· Big Bill Haywood
VI. Mobilization
· 1915 Civilian Council of National Defense
§ Study economic mobilization
· War Industry Board
· Barnard Baruch 1918
· Women in Factories
§ Helped Spur President’s Support for Women’s Suffrage
· Southern Blackà Northern Industries
§ 15th Amendments
§ War of Fight Rule
· National War Labor Board
§ William H. Taft
§ settle labor disputes
· Food Administration
· Herbert Hoover
§ Great Engineer
§ Voluntary but supported by proposal
§ Wheat-less Wednesday
§ Meat-less Tuesday
§ Victory gardens
· Farm Production Increased by 1/4
§ Food Exports to Europe 3x
· Treasury Department
§ Liberty Loan Drive
§ Victory Loan Corporation 1919
§ $21 billion-2/3 cost of war
· Raising Army
§ Universal Draft 1917
· 200,000-4 million
VII. Progress of War
· Stalemate Type of War 1914-1917
· Bolsheviks Revolution
§ Remove from war
§ Lenin Etc…
§ American and Allied forces sent to help whites. Americans to safeguard Arms that had been sent to Russia.
· Enabled Germans to concentrate forces against Western Front
· German Drive 1918
§ 40 miles From Paris
§ Chateau –Thiery 300,000 Americans
§ Belleau Wood
· July 1918
§ Counter offensive
§ 2nd Battle of Marne
· Meuse-Argonne Offensive
VIII. Peace Settlement
· Armistice
§ 11th hour, 11th Day, 11th Month
§ November 11, 1918
· Wilson’s Mistakes
§ Called for Denver victory in elections 1918
· Republican won narrow control over both Houses
§ Grandstanding in going to favor
· Snubbed Senate
· Not a Single Republican Senator in Peace Settlement Party (Henry Cabot Lodge-Enemy)
· Paris Conference
§ Big 4
· Wilson
· Vittorio Orlando of Italy
· David Lloyd George of Britain
· Georges Clemenceau of France
§ Tried to Prevent partially out of colonies
· Compromise-Trustee but they agreed to League of Nations
· Took the League Home
· Republican Opposition led by Henry Cabot Lodge and Isolationists
§ 39 refused
· Clemenceau pressed demands for Rhine Land (Demilitarized) and Saar Valley (control)
§ Security Treaty U.S. and British Pledge
· Japanese starting province
· Italy-Fiume
· Treaty of Versailles 1919
§ Germany gives up on 14 Points
§ Forced to sign
§ League of Nations
§ Indemnities War Reparations
§ Poland
§ Czechoslovakia
· Republican Delay /Stalled Treaty
§ Wilson’s takes it to the people.
§ Lodge Reservations
§ Article 10
· Bound members to aid victims of External Aggression
· Wilson would not Compromise and weaken League.
· Dead lock
· Why Treaty Failed
§ Lodge-Wilson had a Personal Feud
§ Traditionalism
§ Isolationism
§ Disillusionment
§ Partisanship
· Wilson, All or Nothing
§ Twiceà Nothing
§ Referendum Election 1920
IX. Election of 1920
· Republican Ambiguous Platform
· Democrat James M. Cox
· Death Sentence for League
· Warren G. Harding
§ Return to Normalcy
§ 3/5 votes
· Assessment
§ Short sighted
§ Could a strong organization have prevented WWII?
· Why did Wilson fail?
· Why did Peace fail?
· Assess Wilson’s Presidency
§ Leadership during WWI
§ Progressivism
§ Failure to get the League of Nations ratified
§ Racism