NAME ______DATE ______CLASS ______
2nd Semester Exam Study Guide KEY
Waves
1.) Define wave. a disturbance that moves through matter or space
2.) What do ALL waves have in common?
Waves carry energy, NOT MATTER
3.) What is the difference between a mechanical wave and an electromagnetic wave?
A mechanical waves requires a medium through which to travel (air, water, earth, etc)
The other can travel through empty space.
4.) Give three examples of mechanical waves.
Sound, ocean wave, earthquake waves
5.) Give six examples of electromagnetic waves: Radio, micro, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma
6.) Describe how particles move in a transverse wave. At right angles (perpendicular) to the direction the wave travels
7.) Give one example of a transverse wave. Rope, S-waves, electromagnetic waves
8.) Describe how particles move in a compressional wave. Vibrate in the same direction that the wave travels
9.) Give one example of a compressional wave. Slinky, P-Wave, sound wave
10.) Define wave frequency.
The number of wavelengths that pass by a point each second
11.) What is the relationship between wavelength and frequency?
Longer the wavelength, lower the frequency.
12.) What is refraction?
Change in direction of a wave when it changes speed as it travels from on e medium to another
13.) What is diffraction and how does it differ from refraction?
Change in direction of a wave when it bends around an object
14.) What is the purpose of the Outer Ear?
Gathers sound waves
15.) Which part of the wave has to do with pitch?
Frequency
16.) What is the purpose of the Middle Ear?
Amplifies sound waves
17.) Name the three bones of the Middle Ear in order starting from the Eardrum.
Hammer, anvil, stirrup
18.) What is the purpose of the Inner Ear?
To convert sounds into nerve impulses to be sent to the brain
19.) Which part of the ear must vibrate first in order for a sound to be heard?
Eardrum
20.) Describe the path of light through the eye.
Cornea – pupil – lens – vitreous humor - retina
21.) What would a concave lens do to an image? Shrink it
22.) What would a convex lens do to an image? Enlarge it
23.) Does the eye reflect, refract, or diffract light? Refract
Refract
24.) What would a double convex lens do to an image? Flip/invert the image
25.) What the seven main colors of visible light – in order from highest frequency to lowest?
Violet – Indigo- Blue- Green – Yellow – Orange - Red
26.) What color(s) transmits through a red color filter? Red
27.) What color(s) absorbs through a red color filter? Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet
28.) Which cells in the eye are used to detect color? Cones
29.) Why would object appear to be red?
Reflects Red
30.) Why would object appear to be white?
Reflects all colors.
31.) Why would object appear to be black?
Absorbs all colors.
32.) Name the types of electromagnetic waves from left to right on the spectrum (shortest wavelength to longest) gamma x-ray, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, micro, Radio.
33.) What is the relationship between wave frequency and energy?
Higher frequency = higher energy (gamma is highest).
Force and Motion
34.) Speed equals distance divided by….? TIME
35.) If the speed of an object does not change, the object is traveling at a Constant_speed.
36.) A train that travels 100 kilometers in 4 hours is traveling at what average speed?
25 KM/H (100 ÷ 4 = 25)
37.) A vehicle is traveling down the road in a straight line and is coming to a curve in the road. As the car goes around the curve, a passenger in the car tends to move in which direction?
Passenger keeps going straight.
38.) How are mass and inertia related? MORE MASS = MORE INERTIA
39.) What is the difference between mass and weight? WEIGHT DEPENDS ON GRAVITY, MASS IS THE SAME WHEREVER YOU ARE
40.) Define velocity. CHANGE IN DISTANCE divided by CHANGE IN TIME
41.) When graphing, what does TAILS stand for?
Title, Axes, Interval, Label, Scale
42.) On a distance-time graph, what does a flat line (horizontal) mean? NOT MOVING
43.) On a distance-time graph, what does a steep line going upward mean? FAST SPEED
44.) On a distance-time graph, what does a line going back down to the x-axis mean? Going back to where you started.
45.) How do you calculate speed from two points on a distance-time graph? Divide the distance traveled between the points by the time it took to travel it between the points.
46.) What are 3 common units of speed? km/hr, ft/s, m/min, miles/hr, and distance unit over a time unit
47.) If a car drives to Columbia at a speed of 65 miles/hour, how long will it take to travel the distance of 120miles? speed = distance/time, 65mi/hr= 120 miles/t, t = 120mi ÷ 65mi/hr, t = 1.85 hr
48.) If the drive to Birmingham is 470 miles away, what speed must you average if you are to make it there in 7.5 hours? s=distance/time, s= 470mi/7.5hr, s=62.7mi/hr
49.) How far is Eastover, SC if it takes you 1.8 hours to get there at an average speed of 58 miles/hour? P. 446 speed = distance/time, 58mi/hr = d/1.8hr, d= 58mi/hr * 1.8 hr, d = 104.4 mi
50.) What is the acceleration equation? (Speed Final – Speed Initial) divided by time
51.) What is a common unit for acceleration? mi/hr/hr, mi/hr2, ft/s2, m/min2, km/s2 What is the acceleration due to gravity (g)? 9.8 m/s2
52.) What does acceleration look like on a distance-vs-time graph? Curved line (up or down)
53.) What does constant acceleration look like on a speed-vs-time graph? Positive slope.
54.) Calculate the acceleration of a runner who changes velocity from 2m/s to 4m/s in 1.5sec. p.452 a = (4m/s – 2m/s)/1.5s = 1.3m/s/s
55.) What is Newton’s First Law? Law of Inertia – object at rest stays at rest unless a force acts on it.
56.) Give an example of an object with balanced forces on it. Any object that is not moving or moving at a constant rate. Ex. A book on a table at rest.
57.) How could these forces become unbalanced? If the net force is not zero and the motion of the object changes. Ex. Slows down/ Speeds up/ Changes Direction
58.) Is an object with zero-net-force on it always at rest? No. It could be moving at the constant speed.
59.) How do friction and gravity affect the speed and direction of an object? Slows it down.
60.) You can show the motion of an object on a line graph in which you plot distance against……? Time
61.) If velocity is measured in kilometers per hour and time is measured in hours, the unit of acceleration is…… km/hr2
62.) A plane travels 300km north in 2 hours. What is its velocity? p. 449 150km/hr north
63.) A rock and a brick fall off a forty-foot building at the same time. The brick is three times the mass of the rock. Which hits the ground first and why? They hit at the same time because the same acceleration due to gravity occurs.
Astronomy
64.) Day and night are caused by? Rotation of the Earth.
65.) Tides are caused mainly by? The gravitational pull between the Earth and the Moon.
66.) When compared to the gases around the sun, sunspots are…? __cooler___
67.) Which unit of measurement is used for distances from star to star or to another galaxy?
Light Year
68.) The Milky Way galaxy has which type of shape?
Normal Spiral Galaxy
69.) The force that tends to pull together the matter in stars is?
Gravity
70.) Kyle has a mass of 54 kg. If he were on a spaceship traveling far out in space, how much would his mass be? 54 kg (Weight = 0)
71.) Rocky bodies that orbit between the inner and outer planets are called? Asteroids
72.) Why does Earth have seasons? Draw a sketch. Earth’s tilt on its axis.
73.) During what moon phase can a lunar eclipse occur? Full Moon
74.) What type of tide has the highest high tide and lowest low tide? Draw a sketch. Spring
75.) Earth’s rotation takes about how long? 24 Hours
76.) What layer are you looking at when you see a photograph of the sun? Photosphere
77.) About how long does one cycle of the Moon’s phases last? 28 Days
78.) Name the inner planets, and what do they all have in common?
__Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars___ SMALL & ROCKY
79.) Name the outer planets, and what do they all have in common?
_Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune___ LARGE & GASEOUS
80.) What percentage of the moon is lit by the sun? 50 %
81.) What is the name for the day when we have equal hours of daylight and nighttime?
Equinox
82.) Which two planets do most asteroids orbit between? Mars and Jupiter
83.) Define “light-year.”
The distance light travels in one year.
Topography
84.) How is elevation shown on a topographic map?
Contour Lines
85.) What are contour intervals?
The difference in elevation between side by side contour lines on a topo. map.
86.) How do you show steep slopes v. gentle slopes on a topo. map?
Steep Slopes= contour lines are closer, gentle slope= contour lines are further
87.) What does a closed loop represent on a topo. map?
Hill or Mountain
88.) How do you show depressions on a topo. map?
Hatchures on contour lines.
89.) How do you know which direction a stream flows on a topo. map?
The contour lines “v” when a stream crosses them. The bottom of the “v” faces upstream.
90.) Name a situation when a topographic map would be useful.
Hiking, city planning, ski resort