Fall 2004 Comprehensive Exams Doctor of Philosophy in Information Studies

Fall 2004 Comprehensive Exams – Doctor of Philosophy in Information Studies

Day 2 Notes – Thomas Virgona

Long Island University / C.W. Post

Information and Society

Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / Note(s): Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / The Unacknowledged Revolution: In the late 15th century, the reproduction of written materials began to move from the copyist’s desk to the printer’s workshop because of Guttenberg’s printing press invention in Mainz, Germany… did not attract historical attention
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / Rudolph Hirsch suggests benefits the general reader of social and intellectual history.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / McMurtrie and Steinberg: Printing impacts every field of human enterprise.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / The shift from script to print affected methods of record keeping and the flow of information.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / When the innovation is placed in the fifteenth century, it is mentioned in an off-handed and casual manner…. Sarton- Greatest invention of the Renaissance… set the stage for the enlightenment.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / Marshall McLuhan: The Guttenberg Galaxy performs a useful function that cries out for historical investigation, and have, yet, received none.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / Bacon: Three inventions that changed the state of the whole world: printing, gunpowder and the compass.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / The fact that images, maps and diagrams could be viewed simultaneously by scattered readers constituted a kind of communication revolution itself.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / New financial syndicates were formed to provide master printers the needed labor and supplies – which bridged many worlds.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / It would be mistake to assume that distaste for reading was especially characteristic of the nobility, although it seems plausible that distaste for Latin pedantry was shared by lay aristocrat and commoner alike.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / Cross-cultural interchange stimulated mental activities… the first century of printing was marked above all by intellectual fervent.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / Dissemination of abc books, calendars, etc.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / Presentation probably helped to reorganize the thinking of readers.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / Conrad Gessner – The father of bibliography
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / The accumulation of more data making necessary more refined classification.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / 13th century Franciscan, St. Bonaventura: 4 ways of making books: Scribe, compiler, commentator and author.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / The Sunday paper has replaced church going, there is a tendency to forget that sermon’s used to couple news, real estate transactions and other mundane matters.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / Propaganda was developed.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / The need to evade censors characterized early-modern Europe.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / Authors are often surprised by what gets read into their works.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / Sociologists are strangely oblivious to Benjamin Franklin’s occupation (printer).
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / The most revolutionary impact of the new technology is simply increasing the output of texts.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / It is difficult to understand the persistence of the notion that printing came as a by-product of the Renaissance spirit.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / Cheaper writing materials encouraged the recording of sermons, orations, adages and poems.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / The recovery of ancient languages followed the same pattern as the recovery of ancient texts.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / Aretino: The father of modern journalism.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / Burckhardt connects the ‘awakening of personality’ with a new spirit of independence and a new claim to shape one’s life – apart from one’s parents and ancestors.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / The opportunity to teach one self affected the learned elites as well as artisanal groups.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / Printing encourages new kinds of medical self-help even while physicians were killing more patients than they cured.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / The Renaissance bridged the gap, which had separated the scholar and thinker from the practitioner.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / Insofar as a new combination of manual and mental labor resulted, the shift from artisan to artist thus appears to be similar to other occupational mutations.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / The Renaissance thirst for synthesis, for syncretism, was unquenchable.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / What had been known to previous generations was so obscured before printing that finding something that had been lost was often the equivalent of finding a new solution.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / Early Italian humanists made much of the notion of belonging to a new time.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / The anti-Turkish crusade was the first religious movement to make use of print, Protestantism surely was the first to exploit its potential as a mass medium.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / The scholar-printer, who was more erudite than the university theologian of his day, was much less likely to defer to clerical judgment than the scribe or copyist had been.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / With typographical fixity, positions once taken were more difficult to reverse… Moderates trapped in the crossfire were rapidly deprived of any middle ground to stand.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / The hybrid, Judeo-Christian character of the Biblical texts points to yet anther issue that needs exploring. Compared with the more homogenous Koran, the diversity of ingredients contained in the Bible, the sheer number of dissimilar materials drawn from different places, eras and linguistically groups, is particularly striking.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / The Roman Church had moved against Bible-printing and even developed a new form of censorship.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / The post-Tridentine Church put an end to serious Bible translations by Catholics in Italy for the next two hundred years.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / Luther castigated printers who garbled passages of the Gospel and marketed hasty reprints for quick profit.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / The slow spread of scientific book keeping before the sixteenth century and its more rapid thereafter is probably related to the shift from script to print.
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / Books that were known to be banned had a built-in attraction…
Eisenstein, Elizabeth L. The Printing Press as an Agent of Change. Cambridge University Press, 1979. / Possibly no social revolution in European history is as fundamental as that which saw book learning (previously assigned to old men and monks) gradually become the focus of daily life during childhood, adolescence and early manhood… it also widened the gap between literate and oral cultures in a manner that placed the well-read adult at an increasing distance from the unschooled small child.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / Note(s): Lewis Mumford
Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / Modern man has formed a curiously distorted picture of himself.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / What has limited scientific investigation is the fact that as concerns the unrecorded beginning of man’s life.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / The misleading notion that man is primarily a tool-making animal will not be easy to displace.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / Tools are durable artifacts.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / The relations between psyche and soma, mind and brain are peculiarly intimate.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / The mindfulness of man makes the difference.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / The gift of a rich neural structure so far exceeded man’s original requirements that it may for long have endanger his survival.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / Thalamus; the original seat of the emotions.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / Man has unusual gifts, far beyond his immediate capacity for using them.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / Through the dream, man became conscious of a haunting supernatural environment.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / I have always been puzzled by the widespread and spontaneous appearance of regular repetitive acts.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / The primal need for order and the achievement of order by increasingly formalized repetitive acts, I take to be basic to the whole development of the human culture.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / Leslie White: The ability to symbol, primarily in its expression of speech, is the basis and substance of all human behavior.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / At the beginning, ritual and language were the chief means of maintaining order and establishing human identity.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / The period which the aboriginal languages were formed would seem to have been the period of mankind’s most intense mental activity.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / Confucius relied upon two instruments for re-establishing social order; restoration of ancient rituals and the clarification of language.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / Language is the most transportable and storable, the most easy diffusible, of all social artifacts.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / Words are often described as tools.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / What incited man to operate his own body is hard to fathom.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / Man’s survival at the ice sheet testifies to both his stubborn fortitude and his adaptability.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / Every culture can be separated into 4 components: Dominants, recessives, mutations and survivals.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / Security derived from regular foods came tameness and regularity of life.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / Birds are almost absent from cave drawings.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / The fist effect of animal domestication was to restore the balance of the sexes, overcoming the dominance of the woman.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / A new kind of science came into existence; now based on abstract impersonal order: Counting, measurement, and exact notation.
(Mumford, Lewis. The Myth of the Machine. Harcourt, Brace & World, 1967). / Unfortunately, most of our data on kingship come from documents put into writing centuries, even millennia, after the original events.