Supplement
Antibiotic search terms: antibiotic OR "Anti-Bacterial Agents"[Mesh] OR "Anti-Bacterial Agents"[Pharmacological Action] OR 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol OR 2-deoxystreptamine OR acedapsone OR actinonin OR actinorhodin OR alamethicin OR albomycin OR amdinocillin OR amdinocillin pivoxil OR amikacin OR aminosalicylic acid OR amoxicillin OR amphomycin OR amphotericin b OR ampicillin OR amprenavir OR angustmycin a OR anisomycin OR antibiotic 1233a OR antimycin a OR arsphenamine OR aurodox OR avilamycin OR azithromycin OR azlocillin OR aztreonam OR bacampicillin OR bacitracin OR bacteriocins OR bambermycins OR benzathine cloxacillin OR beta-lactams OR bialaphos OR bicozamycin OR blasticidin s OR bongkrekic acid OR bredinin OR brefeldin a OR broadcillin OR butirosin sulfate OR calcimycin OR candicidin OR capreomycin OR carbenicillin OR carbenicillin indanyl OR carfecillin OR cefaclor OR cefadroxil OR cefamandole OR cefamandole nafate OR cefatrizine OR cefazedone OR cefazolin OR cefdinir OR cefditoren OR cefditoren pivoxil OR cefepime OR cefetamet OR cefetamet pivoxyl OR cefixime OR cefmenoxime OR cefmetazole OR cefminox OR cefodizime OR cefonicid OR cefoperazone OR ceforanide OR cefoselis OR cefotaxime OR cefotetan OR cefotiam OR cefoxitin OR cefpiramide OR cefpirome OR cefpodoxime OR cefpodoxime proxetil OR cefprozil OR cefsulodin OR ceftazidime OR cefteram pivoxil OR ceftezole OR ceftibuten OR ceftiofur OR ceftizoxime OR ceftobiprole OR ceftobiprole medocaril OR ceftriaxone OR cefuroxime OR cefuroxime axetil OR cephacetrile OR cephalexin OR cephaloglycin OR cephaloridine OR cephalosporins OR cephalothin OR cephamycins OR cephapirin OR cephradine OR cethromycin OR chelerythrine OR chloramphenicol OR chloramphenicol succinate OR chlortetracycline OR citrinin OR clarithromycin OR clavulanic acid OR clavulanic acids OR clindamycin OR clindamycin-2-phosphate OR clofazimine OR cloxacillin OR colistin OR cyclacillin OR cycloserine OR dactinomycin OR dalbavancin OR dalfopristin OR dapsone OR daptomycin OR decamethoxine OR demeclocycline OR desoxyfructo-serotonin OR dibekacin OR dicloxacillin OR dihydrostreptomycin sulfate OR diketopiperazines OR dirithromycin OR distamycins OR diucifon OR doxycycline OR dynemicin a OR echinomycin OR edeine OR efrotomycin OR emiglitate OR enviomycin OR epicillin OR ertapenem OR erythromycin OR erythromycin estolate OR erythromycin ethylsuccinate OR erythromycin lactobionate OR erythromycin stearate OR essential 303 forte OR ethambutol OR ethionamide OR filipin OR FK 565 OR florfenicol OR floxacillin OR fluoroquinolones OR forphenicinol OR fosfomycin OR framycetin OR fumagillin OR fusafungin OR fusidic acid OR gamithromycin OR GE 2270 A OR gemifloxacin OR gentamicins OR gramicidin OR grepafloxacin OR hepcidin OR herbimycin OR hygromycin b OR imipenem OR immunomycin OR isepamicin OR isoniazid OR josamycin OR kanamycin OR kitasamycin OR KRM 1648 OR KT 5720 OR lactacystin OR lactams OR lacticin 481 OR lactoferricin b OR lasalocid OR leucomycins OR lincomycin OR lincosamides OR loracarbef OR lucensomycin OR lydicamycin a OR lymecycline OR maduramicin OR maltotetraose OR manoalide OR manumycin OR marbofloxacin OR meclocycline OR mepartricin OR meropenem OR methacycline OR methampicillin OR methicillin OR mevastatin OR mezlocillin OR micronomicin OR midecamycin OR mikamycin OR minocycline OR miocamycin OR mocimycin OR moxalactam OR muconomycin a OR mupirocin OR mycobacillin OR n-methyldeoxynojirimycin OR nafcillin OR narasin OR natamycin OR nebacetin OR nebramycin OR nebularine OR neomycin OR netilmicin OR netropsin OR nigericin OR nisin OR nojirimycin OR norfloxacin OR novobiocin OR nystatin OR ofloxacin OR oleandomycin OR oligomycins OR oxacillin OR oxetanocin OR oxytetracycline OR panipenem-betamipron OR paromomycin OR pazufloxacin OR pediocin pa-1 OR penicillanic acid OR penicillic acid OR penicillin g OR penicillin g benzathine OR penicillin g procaine OR penicillin v OR phenethicillin OR phosphoramidon OR piericidin a OR piperacillin OR piperacillin-tazobactam OR pivampicillin OR polymyxin b OR polymyxins OR polyoxorim OR PR 39 OR pristinamycin OR prodigiosin OR propicillin OR prothionamide OR pyrazinamide OR pyrazofurin OR quinupristin OR quinupristin-dalfopristin OR radezolid OR ramoplanin OR ribostamycin OR rifabutin OR rifamexil OR rifampin OR rifamycins OR rifapentine OR ristocetin OR rolitetracycline OR roxarsone OR roxithromycin OR rutamycin OR saframycin a OR salinomycin OR sangivamycin OR sirolimus OR sisomicin OR SM-4300 OR sodium thiosulfate OR sparfloxacin OR spectinomycin OR spiramycin OR squalamine OR staphylococcin OR stigmatellin OR streptogramin a OR streptogramin group a OR streptogramin group b OR streptogramins OR streptomycin OR streptovaricin OR sulbactam OR sulbenicillin OR sulfamerazine OR sulfameter OR sulfamethoxypyridazine OR sulfanilamide OR sultamicillin OR syringomycin OR talampicillin OR teicoplanin OR telithromycin OR temafloxacin OR temocillin OR tetracenomycin c OR tetracycline OR thalidomide OR thiamphenicol OR thienamycin OR thienamycins OR thioacetazone OR thiobenzamide OR thiocarlide OR thiolactomycin OR thiostrepton OR thymopoietin iii OR tiamulin OR ticarcillin OR ticarcillin-clavulanic acid OR tigecycline OR tilmicosin OR tobramycin OR tomaymycin OR triostin a OR troleandomycin OR tunicamycin OR tylosin OR tyrocidine OR tyrothricin OR ubenimex OR undecylprodigiosin OR valinomycin OR vancomycin OR vernamycin b OR viomycin OR virginiamycin OR aminoglycoside OR carbapenem OR cephalosporin OR macrolide OR fluoroquinolone OR quinolone OR penicillin OR telavancin OR gentamicin OR rifaximin OR doripenem OR ceftaroline OR furazolidone OR nitrofurantoin OR linezolid OR flucloxacillin OR ciprofloxacin OR gatifloxacin OR levofloxacin OR lomefloxacin OR moxifloxacin OR nalidixic acid OR ofloxacin OR sulfonamide OR sulfadiazine OR sulfamethizole OR sulfamethoxazole OR ethionamide OR rifampicin OR metronidazole OR trimethoprim OR tinidazole.
Supplement Naranjo scale:
· Are there previous conclusive reports on this reaction?
o Yes (+1) No (0) Do not know/Not measured/Not done (0).
· Did the adverse events appear after the suspected drug was given?
o Yes (+2) No (-1) Do not know/Not measured/Not done (0)
· Did the adverse reaction improve when the drug was discontinued or a specific antagonist was given?
o Yes (+1) No (0) Do not know/Not measured/Not done (0)
· Did the adverse reaction appear when the drug was readministered?
o Yes (+2) No (-1) Do not know/Not measured/Not done (0)
· Are there alternative causes that could have caused the reaction?
o Yes (-1) No (+2) Do not know/Not measured/Not done (0). For alternative causes, only infections involving the brain (such as meningitis or encephalitis) were interpreted as “Yes.” Rest were marked as “Do not know/Not measured/Not done,” as active infection could plausibly considered a potential alternative cause for altered mental status
· Did the reaction reappear when a placebo was given?
o Yes (-1) No (+1) Do not know/Not measured/Not done (0)
· Was the drug detected in any body fluid in toxic concentrations?
o Yes (+1) No (0) Do not know/Not measured/Not done (0)
· Was the reaction more severe when the dose was increased, or less severe when the dose was decreased?
o Yes (+1) No (0) Do not know/Not measured/Not done (0)
· Did the patient have a similar reaction to the same or similar drugs in any previous exposure?
o Yes (+1) No (0) Do not know/Not measured/Not done (0)
· Was the adverse event confirmed by any objective evidence?
o Yes (+1) No (0) Do not know/Not measured/Not done (0). Abnormalities on EEG were not counted as objective evidence because of lack of specificity.
Supplement e-References: List of references of case reports/series
1. Abanades S, Nolla J, Rodríguez-Campello A, Pedro C, Valls A, Farré M. Reversible coma secondary to cefepime neurotoxicity. Ann Pharmacother. 2004;38(4):606–608.
2. Abba-Aji A, Mulligan O. Psychosis? Beware - case series of clarithromycin and psychosis. Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine. 2007;24(02):79–80.
3. Abbas MT, Khan FY, Sulimon S, Baidaa A. Encephalopathy secondary to isoniazid in patients on hemodialysis. Indian J Nephrol. 2013;23(1):54–56.
4. Abouesh A, Hobbs WR. Clarithromycin-induced mania. Am J Psychiatry. 1998;155(11):1626.
5. Adams M, Tavakoli H. Gatifloxacin-induced hallucinations in a 19-year-old man. Psychosomatics. 2006;47(4):360.
6. Adams P, White C. Isoniazid-Induced Encephalopathy. Lancet. 1965;1(7387):680–682.
7. Ahmed A, Loes DJ, Bressler EL. Reversible magnetic resonance imaging findings in metronidazole-induced encephalopathy. Neurology. 1995;45(3 Pt 1):588–589.
8. Alao AO, Yolles JC. Isoniazid-induced psychosis. Ann Pharmacother. 1998;32(9):889–891.
9. Al-Ghamdi SM. Reversible Encephalopathy and Delirium in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure who had Received Ciprofloxacin. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2002;13(2):163–170.
10. Alpay H, Altun O, Biyikli NK. Cefepime-induced non-convulsive status epilepticus in a peritoneal dialysis patient. Pediatr Nephrol. 2004;19(4):445–447.
11. Altés J, Gascó J, de Antonio J, Salas A, Villalonga C. Ciprofloxacin and delirium. Ann Intern Med. 1989;110(2):170–171.
12. Alvarez RS, Richardson DA, Bent AE, Ostergard DR. Central nervous system toxicity related to prolonged metronidazole therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983;145(5):640–641.
13. al-Zahawi MF, Sprott MS, Hendrick DJ. Hallucinations in association with ceftazidime. BMJ. 1988;297(6652):858.
14. Anzellotti F, Ricciardi L, Monaco D, et al. Cefixime-induced nonconvulsive status epilepticus. Neurol Sci. 2012;33(2):325–329.
15. Arjol AM, Sánchez C, Dalmau D. Acute encephalopathy caused by sulfadiazine and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in a patient with AIDS. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 1998;16(5):250–251.
16. Armengol S, Moreno JA, Xirgu J, Torrabadella P, Tomás R. Ciprofloxacin as a cause of a behavior disorder in a patient admitted into intensive care. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin. 1994;12(5):271–272.
17. Asensio-Sánchez VM, Rodríguez-Delgado B, García-Herrero E, Cabo-Vaquera V, García-Loygorri C. Visual hallucinations secondary to ciprofloxacin treatment. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol. 2007;82(5):299–301.
18. Aspinall DL. Multiple Deficiency State Associated with Isoniazed Therapy. Br Med J. 1964;2(5418):1177–1178.
19. Babbar J, Foster T. Brief Psychosis Associated With Triple Therapy For Peptic Ulcer. Internet J Fam Pract. 2005;4(2).
20. Bagon JA. Neuropsychiatric complications following quinolone overdose in renal failure. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14(5):1337.
21. Bakhla AK, Gore PS, Srivastava SL. Cycloserine induced mania. Ind Psychiatry J. 2013;22(1):69–70.
22. Balkrishna null, Bhatia MS. Dapsone induced psychosis. J Indian Med Assoc. 1989;87(5):120–121.
23. Ball R, Rosser R. Psychosis and anti-tuberculosis therapy. Lancet. 1989;2(8654):105.
24. Bankier RG. Psychosis Associated with Cycloserine. Can Med Assoc J. 1965;93:35–37.
25. Baños J, Farré M, Azagra R, Granel C. Hoigné syndrome. Description of 2 cases. Med Clin (Barc). 1985;85(5):210.
26. Baranowski WJ. Clarithromycin-induced hypomania in a child - a case report. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2010;122(3):267–268.
27. Barbey F, Bugnon D, Wauters JP. Severe neurotoxicity of cefepime in uremic patients. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135(11):1011.
28. Barrett MJ, Login IS. Gemifloxacin-associated neurotoxicity presenting as encephalopathy. Ann Pharmacother. 2009;43(4):782–784.
29. Beal DM, Hudson B, Zaiac M. Amoxacillin-induced psychosis? Am J Psychiatry. 1986;143(2):255–256.
30. Bell CL, Watson B, Waring WS. Acute psychosis caused by co-amoxiclav. BMJ. 2008;337:a2117.
31. Ben-Chetrit E, Rothstein N, Munter G. Ciprofloxacin-induced psychosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2013;57(8):4079.
32. Bhalerao S, Talsky A, Hansen K, et al. Ciprofloxacin-induced manic episode. Psychosomatics. 2006;47(6):539–540.
33. Bjornberg A, Selstam J. Acute psychotic reaction after injection of procaine penicillin. A report of 33 cases. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1960;35:129–139.
34. Bleandonu G, Boye J. Neuropsychiatric repercussions of antitubercular treatment with isoniazid, or isoniazid and ethionamide (apropos of 8 cases). Ann Med Psychol (Paris). 1969;2(2):201–226.
35. Bloomer HA, Barton LJ, Maddock RK. Penicillin-induced encephalopathy in uremic patients. JAMA. 1967;200(2):121–123.
36. Bom F. A case of delirium acutum after erysipelas treated with sulfonamide associated with hypothalamic and pituitary alterations; with some comments on the pathology of acute exogenous psychoses. Acta Psychiatr Neurol. 1946;21(1-3):57–73.
37. Bonkowsky JL, Sondrup C, Benedict SL. Acute reversible cerebellar lesions associated with metronidazole therapy. Neurology. 2007;68(3):180.
38. Bourgeois JA, Zelenko M, Waraich BS. Psychotic disorder associated with isoniazid. Mil Med. 1996;161(11):707.
39. Bradberry JC, Owens J. Acute psychotic reaction to procaine penicillin. Am J Hosp Pharm. 1975;32(4):411–413.
40. Bray PF. Isoniazid-induced acute toxic encephalopathy. Neurology. 1984;34(5):703.
41. Bresson J, Paugam-Burtz C, Josserand J, Bardin C, Mantz J, Pease S. Cefepime overdosage with neurotoxicity recovered by high-volume haemofiltration. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;62(4):849–850.
42. Brooks JO, Hoblyn JC. Secondary mania in older adults. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(11):2033–2038.
43. Brotherton TJ, Kelber RL. Seizure-like activity associated with imipenem. Clin Pharm. 1984;3(5):536–540.
44. Byrd GJ. Acute organic brain syndrome associated with gentamicin therapy. JAMA. 1977;238(1):53–54.
45. Campise M. Neurological complication during imipenem/cilastatin therapy in uraemic patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1998;13(7):1895–1896.
46. Capparelli FJ, Diaz MF, Hlavnika A, Wainsztein NA, Leiguarda R, Del Castillo ME. Cefepime- and cefixime-induced encephalopathy in a patient with normal renal function. Neurology. 2005;65(11):1840.
47. Carmichael AJ, Paul CJ. Idiosyncratic dapsone induced manic depression. BMJ. 1989;298(6686):1524.
48. Chacko J, Pramod K, Sinha S, et al. Clinical, neuroimaging and pathological features of 5-nitroimidazole-induced encephalo-neuropathy in two patients: Insights into possible pathogenesis. Neurol India. 2011;59(5):743–747.
49. Chan TY. Pyridoxine ineffective in isoniazid-induced psychosis. Ann Pharmacother. 1999;33(10):1123–1124.
50. Chang Y-M. Cefepime-induced nonconvulsive status epilepticus as a cause of confusion in an elderly patient. J Formos Med Assoc. 2015;114(3):290–291.
51. Chaturvedi SK, Upadhyaya M. Secondary mania in a patient receiving isonicotinic acid hydrazide and pyridoxine: case report. Can J Psychiatry. 1988;33(7):675–676.
52. Chauhan U, Shanbag P, Kashid P. Ofloxacin-induced hallucinations. Indian J Pharmacol. 2013;45(2):189–190.
53. Chedrawi AK, Gharaybeh SI, Al-Ghwery SA, Al-Mohaimeed SA, Alshahwan SA. Cephalosporin-induced nonconvulsive status epilepticus in a uremic child. Pediatr Neurol. 2004;30(2):135–139.
54. Cheong HC, Jeong TG, Cho YB, et al. Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy in a patient with liver cirrhosis. Korean J Hepatol. 2011;17(2):157–160.
55. Chetaille E, Masmoudi K, Dimier-David L, Hary L, Schmit JL, Andrejak M. Convulsions associated with the administration of excessive dose of ceftazidime in patients with renal failure. Therapie. 1994;49(5):435–438.
56. Cheung WC, Lo CY, Lo WK, Ip M, Cheng IK. Isoniazid induced encephalopathy in dialysis patients. Tuber Lung Dis. 1993;74(2):136–139.
57. Cohen IJ, Weitz R. Psychiatric complications with erythromycin. Drug Intell Clin Pharm. 1981;15(5):388.
58. Cohen SB. Psychosis resulting from penicillin hypersensitivity; report of a case and review of the literature. Am J Psychiatry. 1955;111(9):699–702.
59. Cone LA, Sneider RA, Nazemi R, Dietrich EJ. Mania due to clarithromycin therapy in a patient who was not infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis. 1996;22(3):595–596.
60. Conway N, Beck E, Somerville J. Penicillin encephalopathy. Postgrad Med J. 1968;44(518):891–897.
61. Cummings JL, Barritt CF, Horan M. Delusions induced by procaine penicillin: case report and review of the syndrome. Int J Psychiatry Med. 1986;16(2):163–168.
62. Dainer MJ. Untoward reaction to Flagyl (metronidazole). Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1979;133(8):939–940.