Evolution Notes
Name______assign.#______
1.
2. Unit learning Goals:
a. Trace the ______of the theory. b. Explain the history of life in terms of ______, ______, and the ______of evolution. c. Explain how ______& ______evidence support the theory. d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms. e. Recognize the role of evolution to ______(pesticide & antibiotic resistance).
3. Scientists believe that the Earth is ______years old. The continents have ______position. The climate has ______and cooled. It is estimated the ______of all species are now extinct.
4. Organisms have ______(GENES) that help them to ______in different environments.
5. What is Fitness? Fitness is a measure of ______. Any trait that ______survival — at least until one's reproductive years are over — ______fitness. Such traits are called ______.
6. What if an organism has a trait that makes it impossible to live in its environment? The organism will not survive. If it does not survive—it ______reproduce. If it does not reproduce—its ______are not ______to the next generation.
7. What if the environment changes? If they ______have the traits (genes) that enable them to survive…they die, and ______reproduce.
· If they do have the traits, then they ______…and reproduce.
· SO… the next generation has ______of the “fit” traits for ______environment.
· The population then CHANGES!
· This is a very ______process….does not occur over night…many generations must past before any ______in the ______can be seen.
8. Natural Selection: The current theory of how species change is caused by ______. The is also know as “ ______.” Only certain members of the population will survive and ______. Ones that are most ______to the environment.
9. Artificial Selection: Selecting for the best traits in plants and animals (done by humans). Give 2 examples:______
10. Where do new traits come from?
11. How do new traits arise?
a. ______
b. Reproduction: A combo of traits may be necessary for survival……so… sexual reproduction and ______can create new ______of traits.
12. Decent with Modifications: Overtime natural selection produces organisms that have ______structures, established different niches, or occupy different habitats.
13. The Basics: A review. ______(traits) that are ______become more prevalent within that population. These traits will be passed on to the next generation. The ______of a population ______in favor of the ______phenotype and genotype!!!
14. Natural Selection Examples.
15. & 16. Peppered Moth Example
20-29. History:
30-31. Summary of Darwin’s Ideas:
32. Evidence for Change Over Time
33. ______ ______: Fossils that show how the same organism looked millions of years ago. **2 Ways to tell the age of fossils: 1) ______dating & 2) ______dating.
37. ______structures. Structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but have developed from the same type of tissue.
39. ______-Early development of the organism
41. ______organs- Organs or structures that do not seem to be used by the organism any longer.
43. ______-DNA sequences in organisms are close
*****Sources of genetic variation in species:*****
1. ______
2. Gene Shuffling
3. ______during meiosis
4. ______reproduction
45. ______Distribution.
46. Adaptive ______. (The evolution of many diversely adapted species from a common ancestor)
49. Create chart:
50. Speciation: is the evolution of a ______. (MACROEVOLUTION)
51. -54. Speciation Mechanisms: The populations are capable of interbreeding, but
53. **Overtime they can change so much that they become ______to breed as they adapt to their environment.
56. Gene Pool: ______genetic information of a particular population. _____ the genes present with in a population. Can change.
57. Genetic Drift: Changes in ______with in a population ______in allele frequency that occurs in small populations. ______individuals leave more offspring. Also known as the “Founder Effect”
58. PATTERNS of EVOLUTION
59. ______evolution: process of two or more ______species becoming more and more ______. Example: ______
61. ______evolution: the emergence of biological structures or species that exhibit ______function and appearance but that evolved through widely ______evolutionary pathways. Example: ______
62. ______development of ______structures.
63. ______is the ______change of two or more species in close interaction Example: ______
65. Evolution at the species level is called ______. These are ______changes. The evolution of new species is called ______.
67. Evolution is the ______in a species over ______.
71. Title ______.
72 Gradualism:
**Very gradually, over a long time... Over a short period of time it is hard to notice. ______changes.
73. Punctuated Equilibrium:
Change comes in ______. There is a period of very little change, and then one or a few ______occur.
75. Biological Resistance: When organisms are ______affected by a drug. First documented around______. Causes: natural consequence of ______in the environment.
76. Example: ______
77. -Bacteria-______resistance
-Many ______have developed a resistance to ______. (simple point mutations)
79. The Effects of Selection on Populations
80. Types of selective Processes in Natural Selection:
• Stabilizing Selection
• Directional Selection
• Diversifyiny Selection or Disruptive
• Balancing Selection
81. ______
§ ______forms of a trait are ______and alleles that specify extreme forms are eliminated from a pop.
§ Ex: Human ______weight stay between 6-8 lbs. Lower or higher has higher mortality.
82. ______
§ One phenotype ______another in the gene pool
§ Ex: ______
83. ______or ______
§ Increases the ______types in a population at the expense of the intermediate forms.
§ One population ______into two.
§ Example: ______
85. ______Advantage.
-Exists when a heterozygote (Aa) has a ______than either homozygote(AA, Aa).
- Example: ______
86. ______dependent : The term given to an evolutionary process where the fitness of a phenotype is dependent on its frequency. (Ex: mimicry)
87. ______is a key concept in natural selection. Natural selection can ______the inherited characteristics in a population and possibly even result in a ______.
88. Two main sources of genetic variation: 1-______,
2-______
89. Answer: ____ 90. Answer: _____ 91. Answer: _____ 92. Answer: _____
94. ______is the key concept in evolution by natural selection.
Reading Questions:
1-Trace the History of the Theory
1. What did Lamarck believe caused changes in organisms over time?
2. What two main points did Charles Lyell propose in his book?
3. What did Thomas Malthus propose in his book?
4. What two central concepts emerged from Darwin’s voyage?
5. What did Alfred Wallace believe was the main force behind natural selection?
6. What did Darwin focus on as the force behind natural selection?
7. What is population genetics?
8. What is natural selection?
2-Explain the History of Life in Terms of Biodiversity, Ancestry, and the Rates of Evolution
1. What is adaptive radiation? Give an example.
2. What is convergent evolution? Give an example.
3. Why was myosin so interesting to evolutionary biologist? What did it show?
4. What is Biodiversity?
5. How do biologist used DNA to show how long ago genes branched off from a common ancestor?
6. What is speciation?
7. What are two rates of Speciation? Explain each.
8. What can cause speciation?
3- Explain How Fossil & Biochemical Evidence Supports the Theory
1. What is a fossil?
2. What are some problems with the fossil record?
3. How does radioisotope dating work?
4. What if an organism is older than 50,000 years?
5. What is a phylogeny?
6. What is extinction?
4- Relate Natural Selection to Changes in Organisms
1. What is a key to Darwin’s theory of organisms struggling for existence?
2. What causes gene pools to change over time?
3. Fill in the following chart.
Type of Selection / Description of what happensStabilizing
Directional
Diversifying
Disruptive
Balancing
4. Does the strongest, biggest, and most aggressive animal always have the highest fitness rating? Explain your answer.
5. Does natural selection produce NEW genotypes? Explain.
5-Recognize the Role of Evolution in Biological Resistance
1. How has the use of pesticides and antibiotics caused evolution in some species? Explain and give examples.
Starter Review
1. Why did the development of sexual reproduction speed up the process of evolution?
2. What are two main sources of genetic variation within a population?
3. If a mutation introduces a new skin color in a lizard population, what factor might determine whether the frequency of the new allele will increase or decrease?
4. What is the study of ancient life through fossils is called?
5. How is Lamarck’s mechanism for evolution different from that of Darwin’s?
6. Explain three mechanisms for speciation.
7.
Evolution Online Activities
I. Peppered Moth Simulation (online)
Objective: Simulate changes in moth population due to pollution and predation, and observe how species can change over time.
Introduction: (READ THIS)
Charles Darwin accumulated a tremendous collection of facts to support the theory of evolution by natural selection. One of his difficulties in demonstrating the theory, however, was the lack of an example of evolution over a short period of time, which could be observed as it was taking place in nature. Although Darwin was unaware of it, remarkable examples of evolution, which might have helped to persuade people of his theory, were in the countryside of his native England. One such example is the evolution of the peppered moth Biston betularia.
The economic changes known as the industrial revolution began in the middle of the eighteenth century. Since then, tons of soot has been deposited on the country side around industrial areas. The soot discolored and generally darkened the surfaces of trees and rocks. In 1848, a dark-colored moth was first recorded. Today, in some areas, 90% or more of the-peppered moths are dark in color. More than 70 species of moth in England have undergone a change from light to dark. Similar observations have been made in other industrial nations, including the United States.
Question: What caused the forest to change? ______
Instructions:
You will run two simulations for 1 minutes each, during this time you will play the part of a bluejay that eats moths. After 1 minutes record the % of dark moths and light moths – you will need this information later.
1. Go to http://www.techapps.net/interactives/pepperMoths.swf ( or www.eaglehelp.net/wall)
2. Click on the last bubble that says “A bird’s Eye View…” when you mouse over it.
3. Read the information and click the butter fly to go to the next page.
4. Again, read the information and click the butter fly to go to the next page.
5. Chose the forest on you left ( Light Forest)
6. Run the simulation. Sketch the two graphs below in the data section.
7. Go back and run the Dark forest.
8. Run the simulation. Sketch the two graphs below in the data section.
9. Answer the post lab questions.
Peppered Moth Analysis
1. Graphs:
Light Forest: DATA Table
Percent Dark Moths After Simulation / Percent Light Moths After SimulationLight Forest
Dark Forest
Light Moths Dark Moths
Dark Forest:
2. Explain how the color of moths increases or decreases their chances of survival depending on the environment. ______
3. 500 light colored moths and 500 dark colored moths are released into a polluted forest. After 2 days the moths were recaptured, make a prediction about the number of each type of moth that would be captured.
______
4. How has the striking change in coloration come about? (Include an explanation of how the dark moth appeared and how the proportion of dark moths changed from 0.0005% to more than 90% in polluted forests.)
______
5. What underlying law of nature has produced this change? (Use Darwin's theory of evolution and apply it to what you have learned in this investigation.)______
II. Why Don’t Horses Have Wheels? (video)
-Watch the video and answer the questions
1. According to the principles of natural selection, animals best ______to their ______survive and are more likely to produce ______.
2. Wheels are a ______change.
3. How can complex changes occur?
4. What is a neutral mutation?
5. Do adaptations occur over night? How long?
III. Types of Selection: (www.eaglehelp.net/payne)
Types of Selection:
Click on “Go to Animation”. Click “Play”. Watch, listen, and answer the questions below.
Directional Selection
1. What are the two types of beaks?
2. Which beak is the most common? (this might be a trick questions)
3. What happened after the drought?
4. In the box to the right, sketch and label the correct histogram that demonstrates directional selection.
5. What is directional selection? What is favored?
6. What is a key feature of directional selection?
Disruptive Selection
1. What are the two types of bills?
2. Which bill is best for which food?
3. Which beak is selected against?
4. In the box to the right, sketch and label the correct curve that demonstrates disruptive selection.
5. What is disruptive selection? What is favored?
Stabilizing Selection
1. Describe the population of lizards with respect to body size.
2. What happens to the large size lizards?
3. What happens to the small size lizards?
4. Which body size is best for this environment?
5. In the box to the right, sketch and label the correct curve that demonstrates stabilizing selection.
6. What is stabilizing selection? What is favored?
Question: What is natural selection? ______
IV. Biology Evolution Video: (www.eaglehelp.net/payne)
From the video, what are four causes of natural selection? Briefly describe each.
1-______
2-______
3-______
4-______
5- Describe the process of natural selection and how it affects hummingbird populations. ______
V. Biological Resistance Animation: (www.eaglehelp.net/wall)
Go to: http://www.sumanasinc.com/scienceinfocus/sif_antibiotics.html
More than 70 years ago, Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin and set in motion a medical revolution. In 1943, penicillin was mass-produced and saved many wounded soldiers from death by bacterial infection. Yet even as we enjoy the benefits of antibiotics, their use promotes antibiotic resistance in bacteria. By confronting bacteria with antibiotics, we select for those that are resistant and change the course of their evolution. In fact, just three years after the first mass-production of penicillin, resistant bacteria began to appear. View the animation to learn more about the rise in antibiotic resistance.
1. Can you use antibiotics for viruses?
2. Does you body have any good bacteria? If so, give an example.