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Unit 6 – Safety and First Aid

LESSON 1 – Safety, First Aid, Injury Prevention

VOCAB:

Universal Precautions – actions taken to prevent the spread of disease by treating all blood as if it were contaminated.

First Aid Kit – a prepared and organized collection of items that can assist in treating a variety of different injuries.

Actual Consent – written or oral permission from a mentally competent adult to give first aid.

Implied Consent – permission for first aid for mentally competent person who is unconscious or a person who is not mentally competent, including and infant or child, when no adult who can give consent is present.

Good Samaritan Law – protects you for giving first aid to a person who is not able to give consent. Does not provide complete legal protection.

Good Samaritan Act - NJSA 2A:62A-1

Immunized from civil liability - Any Good Samaritan rendering care (in good faith and without thought of consideration) at the scene of an accident or emergency or while transporting the victim for further treatment; in a health care facility if your actual duty, including on call duty, doesn’t require a response to a patient emergency situation. Immunity is granted from liability for failure to inform when emergent situation necessitates action in absence of the ability to properly inform the patient or an authorized representative. Not immune from liability are acts or omissions by you in such situations which are determined to involve gross negligence, recklessness or willful misconduct.

Q: What should a person do before administering any type of first aid?

A: Be prepared, practice, and take Universal Precautions!

  • Have a first aid kit prepared and be familiar with its contents.
  • Call 911 if the emergency requires. (When in doubt, call!)
  • Get consent from the victim. (Actual or Implied)
  • Universal Precautions
  • Check the Scene (Protect yourself first.) Example of crash on I-95 lead to death.
  • Victim Assessment

Q: What are universal precautions?

  1. Wear latex or vinyl gloves.
  2. Wash your hands or sanitizer immediately after taking off the gloves.
  3. Use a face mask of shield.
  4. Cover all scrapes, cuts or rashes you may have with a sterile dressing.
  5. Do NOT eat or drink anything while giving first aid.
  6. Do not touch your nose, mouth, or eyes while caring for a victim.

Q: Besides basic first aid, what can you to assist the victim?

  • Call 911
  • Get help from others
  • Stay Calm
  • Talk with the victim and be reassuring.
  • Provide as much accurate information to the attending EMTs and first responders so they can best assist and address the victim’s needs.

LESSON 2 - Common Emergencies (Bleeding, Concussions, Sprains and Bruises, Fractures)

VOCAB:

Concussion – the bruising of the brain due to the brain shifting and banging into the skull as a result of force. (Concussion Video)

Sprain – the ligaments that hold a joint in position are stretched or torn.

Bruise – to injure soft tissue without breaking the skin

Fracture – a bone break

  • Simple Fracture – Bone breaks; remains in skin.
  • Compound Fracture (Open) – Bone breaks; pierces through skin (NCAA Tourney)

FIRST AID

  • Controlling Bleeding:
  1. Follow universal precautions.
  2. Call the local emergency number and obtain medical care immediately.
  3. Cover the wound with a clean cloth or sterile dressing and apply direct pressure. If the wound bleeds through the cloth, add another, but DO NOT remove the first cloth. If an object is lodged in the wound, DO NOT remove it.
  4. Elevate the wounded body part above the level of the heart to reduce blood flow.
  5. Cover the cloth or sterile bandage with a roller bandage.
  6. If bleeding continues, continue with pressure using the heel of your hand and weight of your body to compress the artery against the bone.
  • Concussion: (Kids Heath)

If you or someone else has any of the following symptoms:

  • You feel dizzy after bumping your head, and it goes on for more than a couple of minutes.
  • You have a headache that goes on for more than a few minutes.
  • Things look blurry or you have trouble focusing.
  • You throw up or feel like throwing up.
  • You have trouble with balance and coordination (things like not being able to catch a ball or walk in a straight line).
  • You have a hard time concentrating, thinking, or making decisions.
  • You have trouble speaking or you say things that don't make sense.
  • You feel confused, sleepy, grouchy, sad, or emotional for no reason.
  • Limit movement and keep all movement slow and with assistance.
  • You don't have to pass out to have a concussion — in fact,most people who get concussions don't pass out. But if you do pass out after hitting your head, you need to get checked out.
  • GET MEDICAL HELP!
  • Sprain/Bruise:
  • Apply R-I-C-E treatment
  • Rest: rest the injured part for 24-72 hours. Longer for more serious.
  • Ice: Apply cold water, compress or ice for 20 minutes as soon as possible. Apply for several times a day for 1-3 days.
  • Compression: Wrap the injury with an elastic bandage to limit swelling. Should NOT be too tight as it could cut off blood flow. Remove periodically to ensure proper blood circulation.
  • Elevation: Raise the injured body part above the level of the heart to reduce swelling and drain blood and fluid from the area.
  • Get proper medical help if you suspect a fracture.
  • Fractures:
  1. Treat for bleeding and shock.
  2. Keep the injured part from moving. Use a splint when appropriate. In on the head, keep the victim still and DO NOT MOVE! (Stabilize)
  3. Apply ice to the break or the crack to prevent swelling.
  4. Follow universal precautions. Control Bleeding.
  5. Get prompt medical help!

LESSON 3 - Common Injuries (Cuts ,Scrapes and Open Wounds, Nosebleeds, Knocked out Tooth)

VOCAB:

Open Wound – an injury in which the skin’s surface is broken.

Incision – a cut caused by a sharp object such as a knife, razor, or broken glass.

Laceration – a cut that causes a jagged or irregular tearing of the skin.

Abrasion – a scrape caused by the rubbing away of skin.

Avulsion – a wound in which the skin or other body tissue is either separated or completely torn away from the body.

Puncture – a wound produced by a pointed instrument or projectile.

Nosebleed – a loss of blood from the mucus membranes that line the nose.

Knocked Out Tooth – when a tooth has been knocked out from its socket.

FIRST AID:

  • Open Wounds (Incision, Lacerations, Abrasions, Avulsions, Puncture)
  • Control Bleeding (as seen from previous lesson)
  • Prevent Infection
  • Keep the area clean and soak it with warm water.
  • Apply an antibiotic ointment and cover with a sterile bandage.
  • Elevate the infected area above the level of the heart.
  • Seek medical attention.
  • NOTE – if the injury is more serious, DO NOT wash the wound and get immediate medical care.
  • Some wounds, especially puncture wounds put a person at serious risk for infection with TETANUS or LOCKJAW. Tetanus is a bacterial infection that produces a strong poison that damages the nervous system and muscles. Immunization is usually given during childhood, but a booster shot is needed every 5-10 years after the childhood series. A booster may also be used if a wound is caused by a dirty object such as a rusty nail.
  • Nosebleeds
  • Have the victim sit with his/her head slightly forward and have them pinch their nostrils firmly together. Sitting slightly forward helps the blood flow toward the external opening of the nose instead of backward, down the throat.
  • Have them continue to pinch their nose for five minutes before releasing. Encourage the victim to breathe through their mouth and spit out any blood that may be in their mouth.
  • An ice pack may be applied to the bridge of the nose.
  • Repeat this procedure for the next 10 minutes if the bleeding does not stop.
  • If the bleeding continues or if you suspect a more serious injury, get prompt medical attention.
  • Knocked Out Teeth
  • Place a sterile dressing in the space left by the missing tooth. Have the victim bite down to hold the dressing in place.
  • Place the tooth in a cold cup of milk or in water if milk is not available. DO NOT touch the root of the tooth.
  • The victim should see a dentist immediately. The sooner the tooth in placed back into the socket, the better the chance it can be saved.

LESSON 4 - Common Emergencies (Foreign Object in Eye, Poisoning, Fainting, Heat Related Illness)

VOCAB:

Poison – a substance that causes injury, illness, or death if it enters the body; swallowing, inhalation, or absorption through the skin.

Fainting – a sudden spontaneous loss of consciousness, usually momentarily, caused by an insufficient supply of oxygen to the brain.

Heat Related Illness – conditions that result from exposure to temperatures higher than normal.

  • Heat Cramps – painful muscle spasms in the legs or arms due to excessive fluid loss through sweating.
  • Heat Exhaustion – extreme tiredness due to the body’s inability to regulate its temperature.
  • Heat Stroke (Sunstroke) – over-heating of the body that is life-threatening; sweating ceases, high temperature, rapid heart and respiratory rate. Victim may feel dizzy, have a headache, or lose consciousness.

FIRST AID:

  • Foreign Object in the Eye: (Small Particles)
  • Remove the object by rinsing with a saline solution or clean water. Have the person continuously open and close the eye repeatedly to wash out the object.
  • If the object is under the eye lid, pull down the skin above the cheek bone and remove the item with a damp cloth or moistened cotton swab.
  • If the person still feels like there is something in their eye, has an abnormal sensation, pain, or changes in their vision, the persons eye continues to tear, or has a cloudy spot on the cornea, see medical attention.
  • IF . . . the foreign body in the eye is sharp or is tuck in the eye or sticking out of the eyelid, IF . . . Something hit the eye at a high rate of speed, or IF . . . the person has a change in vision . . . CALL 911 Immediately!
  • Poisoning:
  • If you suspect Poisoning:
  • Check the scene and the person. Try to find out what the person has taken or been exposed to. Look for any containers and have them with you when you call te National Poison Control Center.
  • Call the National Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222 and follow their instructions.
  • Care for any life-threatening conditions found. DO NOT give the person anything to eat or drink unless directed to do so by the NPCC or EMS personell.
  • EXTRA – Carbon Monoxide Poisoning – symptoms include headache, dizziness, weakness, vomiting, sleepiness, and confusion. If you suspect CO poisoning, get outside to fresh air immediately and call 911.
  • Fainting:
  • Signs and Symptoms:
  • Dizziness
  • Lightheadedness
  • Pale color
  • Unsteady balance
  • Vision changes
  • Fast or irregular heart beat
  • Sweating
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • If the person is ABOUT the faint: have them sit down with their head between their knees.
  • If the person HAS fainted: lay them flat on the ground and elevate their feet slightly. Avoid moving them to prevent injury.
  • Seek medical attention: Be cautious. Don’t take any chances.
  • Think Prevention: drink plenty of fluids, take frequent breaks, focus on breathing, and avoid overheated and cramped environments.
  • Heat Related Illnesses:
  • Heat Cramps – painful muscle spasms in the legs or arms due to excessive fluid loss through sweating
  • Have victim rest in a cool, shaded area.
  • Give the victim cool water to drink.
  • Stretch stiff muscles gently.
  • Heat Exhaustion – extreme tiredness due to the body’s inability to regulate its temperature.
  • Symptoms: high body temp, cool moist pale or red skin, nausea, headache, dizziness, fast pulse, or weakness.
  • Have the victim rest ina cool place.
  • Have the victim lie down and elevate the feet.
  • Give the victim cool water to drink.
  • Observe the victim for signs of heat stroke.
  • Heat Stroke (Sunstroke) – the overheating of the body that is life-threatening.
  • Symptoms: high body temp, rapid pulse and respiration rate, skin becomes hot and dry, victim feels weak and dizzy with a headache, victim may become unconscious.
  • Call 911 Immediately
  • Have the victim rest in a cool place.
  • Remove any heavy clothing
  • Wrap the victim in cool, wet towels or sheets,
  • Place ice packs near the neck, armpits, and groin.
  • Continue cooling the victim until their temperature reaches 102 F.
  • Treat any other injuries as needed.

LESSSON 5 - Life-Threatening Emergencies (Shock, Chocking)

VOCAB:

Shock – a dangerous reduction in blood flow to the tissues. The body organs will begin to fail to function and may lead to collapse, coma and death if left untreated.

  • Shock: (Any serious or significant injury could lead to shock!)
  • Signs of Shock
  • Rapid, Shallow Breathing
  • Cold, Clammy Skin
  • Rapid, Weak Pulse
  • Dizziness
  • Weakness
  • Fainting

Choking–an emergency in which the airway is blocked.

Universal Distress Signal – a warning signal that someone is having difficulty breathing and is shown by clutching at the throat with either one or two hands.

FIRST AID:

  • Shock:
  1. If you believe a person is in the state of shock, call 911 immediately.
  2. Have the victim lie down. Elevate the legs about 8-12 inches above the level of the heart UNLESS you suspect head, neck, or back injuries or any broken bones at the hip or lower. If you suspect any of these injuries, leave the victim lying flat on the ground.
  3. Improve the victims circulation:

A: Airway: Keep the victim’s airway open.

B: Breathing: Perform rescue breathing if necessary. Remember to use a face mask or shield.

C: Circulation: If you have CPR training, perform CPR if the victim has no pulse.

  1. Control external bleeding if necessary. (Be sure to wear protective latex or nonporous gloves.
  2. Help the victim maintain normal body temperature. Cover them with a blanket and keep them comfortable.
  3. DO NOT give them anything to eat or drink.
  • Choking:
  • IF YOU are Choking:
  • Call local emergency number if possible.
  • Try to get the attention of someone around you.
  • Use the universal distress signal.
  • Give yourself abdominal thrusts if no one can help you.
  • Make a fist with one hand and grab the fist with your other hand.
  • Give yourself 5 quick abdominal thrusts, applying pressure inward and push up toward the diaphragm in one smooth movement. Repeat until the object is dislodged.
  • IF ADULT or OLDER CHILD (9-14) is choking: (CONSIOUS)
  • Call 911 Immediately.
  • Ask the victim if they are choking
  • If the person can talk or cough easily, DO NOTHING.
  • Encourage them to continue to cough to dislodge the object.
  • If they cannot speak, breathe, cry or cough: (Conscious)
  • If ADULT or OLDER CHILD (9-14) is choking: (CONSIOUS)
  • Get consent first from individual or guardian.
  • GIVE 5 BACK BLOWS
  • Bend the person forward at the waist and

give 5 back blows between the shoulder

blades with the heel of one hand.

  • GIVE 5 ABDOMINAL THRUSTS
  • Place a fist with the thumb side against

the middle of the person’s abdomen, just

above the navel.

  • Cover your fist with your other hand.
  • Give 5 quick, upward abdominal thrusts.
  • CONTINUE CARE
  • Continue sets of 5 back blows and
  • 5 abdominal thrusts until the:
  • Object is forced out.
  • Person can cough forcefully or breathe.
  • Person becomes unconscious.
  • WHAT TO DO NEXT
  • IF THE PERSON BECOMES UNCONSCIOUS—CALL 9-1-1, if not already done, and

give care for an unconscious choking adult, beginning with looking for an object.

  • If ADULT or OLDER CHILD (9-14) is choking: (UNCONSIOUS – Chest does not rise with rescue breaths)
  • GIVE RESCUE BREATHS
  • Retilt the head and give anotherrescue breath.
  • GIVE 30 CHEST COMPRESSIONS
  • If the chest still does not rise,give 30 chest compressions.
  • TIP: Person must be on firm, flat surface.Remove CPR breathing barrier when givingchest compressions.
  • LOOK FOR AND REMOVE OBJECT IF SEEN (Do not use the finger swipe)
  • GIVE 2 RESCUE BREATHS
  • WHAT TO DO NEXT
  • IF BREATHS DO NOT MAKE THE CHEST RISE—Repeat steps 2 through 4.
  • IF THE CHEST CLEARLY RISES—CHECK for breathing. Give CARE basedon conditions found.

LESSON 6 - Life-Threatening Emergencies (CPR)

Victim isn’t breathing

Signs: No breathing movements; bluish lips, tongue, and fingernails, enlarged pupils

Action: Perform Rescue Breathing/Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

Describe:

Rescue Breathing (2) -is a first-aid procedure in which someone forces air into the lungs of a person who is not breathing.

1) Tilt the victim’s head back and lift the chin up, pinch the person’s nostrils shut

2) Place your mouth over the victim’s mouth forming a seal. Give two slow breaths. The victim’s chest should rise with each breath.

Chest Compressions (30):

  1. Put the person on his or her back on a firm surface.
  2. Kneel next to the person's neck and shoulders.
  3. Place the heel of one hand over the center of the person's chest, between the nipples. Place your other hand on top of the first hand. Keep your elbows straight and position your shoulders directly above your hands.
  4. Use your upper body weight (not just your arms) as you push straight down on (compress) the chest at least 2 inches. Push hard at a rate of about 100 compressions a minute. (Bee Gees – Staying Alive!)Bee Gees - Staying Alive!

The procedure for giving CPR to a child age 1 through 8 is essentially the same as that for an adult. The differences are as follows: