Unit 10: Comparing North and South Review Notes (Chp. 13 and 14)
THE NORTH:
1.North’s Economy = mainly technology, industry
2. 3 Phases of Industry:
a. manufacturing = divided tasks
b. factories for specialized workers
c. factories use machines (water power)
3. Mass Production:
a. Elias Howe: 1843 sewing machine
b. 1860 – 74,000 factories = 2/3 U.S. manufactured goods
4. Transportation:
a. steamboats/ships: 1807 Robert Fulton, changed river travel
b . cheaper/quicker
c. 1860: 3,000 steamboats on major rivers
d. clipper ships: 1840s sail 300mi/day ex. Flying Cloud
e. locomotives: early stages connected mines to rivers, pulled by horses
f. 1829: Rocket = 1st steam powered locomotive (Britain)
g. Railway Network:
1. 1840: U.S. 3000+ miles of track
2. 1860: U.S. 31,000+ miles of track (North/Midwest)
a. NYC------Buffalo, Phila.------Pittsburgh
b. By 1860 the railway network united the East and Midwest
h. Canals:
1. Erie Canal (1825)
2. goods traveled faster/cheaper = prices down
5. Communication:
a. telegraph: electric signals transmit messages
b. Morse Code: series dots/dashes represent alphabet
c. Samuel Morse: American inventor 1st to send telegraph message
i. first message “What hath God wrought!” sent May 24, 1844 from Washington D.C. to
Baltimore, Maryland
d. 1860: U.S. 50,000 miles of telegraph lines
f. 1846: Richard Hoe – steam cylinder rotary press = newspapers
6. Agriculture: improvements
a. steel-tipped plow: John Deere 1837
b. mechanical reaper; thresher
c. Cyrus McCormick patented reaper in 1834
f. North stays focused on Industry
7. Northern Factories:
a. early 1800s factory system – Lowell, Massachusetts
b. most factory workers lived in factory housing near where they worked
c. working conditions = bad------worse (11.4 hr/day – 1840)
d. trade unions: group of workers w/same skill/trade
e. strikes: refusing to work (1800 illegal, 1842 MA 1st state = legal)
i. purpose = to put pressure on employers
f. African American workers:
1. prejudice: unfair opinion not based on fact
2. discrimination: unfair treatment of individual/group
3. 1820 almost zero slavery in North – segregation common
g. Women workers: paid less than men, excluded from unions
8. Rise of Cities:
a. location of factories = jobs = population rise
b. 1840: 14% population in North = cities (1860 = 26%)
c. 1860 NYC (largest) 1 million; Philly = 500,000
d. dangerous/difficult living conditions
9. Immigration: 1840-1860 – dramatic rise
a. immigrants = long hours/low pay
b. largest group from Ireland
i. famine caused many to leave Ireland for the US
ii. many Irish immigrants became servants and factory workers
c. second largest group of immigrants to the US were from Germany
d. brought language, culture, religion to America
e. nativists: people opposed to immigration
10. New Political Party: American Party (1850s) = “Know-Nothing Party”
a. formed by nativists – white men born in the US
b. secret anti-Catholic Society = strict citizenship laws
THE SOUTH:
1.Upper South: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina
2. Deep South: Georgia, South Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas
3. Cotton Kingdom = cotton became one of the major cash crops that boosted the southern economy and relied on slave labor
4. Cotton Gin: 1793 Eli Whitney
a. removed seeds from cotton fibers
b. increased cotton processing - could produce more cotton per day = # of slaves UP = profit UP
5. Industry: (South kept economy focused on agriculture as their main source of income)
a. limited role in economy = agriculture = rural
b. barriers to industry
1. cotton sales UP = profit
2. lack of capital ($) to develop industries
3. smaller market for manufactured goods
4. southerners did not want industry
6. Southern Factories
a. William Gregg 1844 textile factory in South Carolina
7. Transportation:
a. natural waterways to transport goods
b. towns along coasts/rivers – roads = poor
c. short/local railroads = did not connect region (1860 1/3 RR in South)
8. Small Farmers/Rural Poor:
a. 4 categories of Southern people =
i. yeomen - largest group – owned small farms of about 50-200 acres of land
ii. tenant farmers
iii. rural poor
iv. plantation owners – wives of owners watched over household slaves, measured their wealth by the number of slaves they owned
a. owners employed an overseer – plantation manager – to keep slaves in line
9. Plantations:
a. several thousand acres: measured wealth by # of slaves
10. Life Under Slavery:
a. hard work = $0 and zero hope for freedom
b. field hands work sun up to sun down, age 10 ready to work
c. family life: no laws for protection – sold at any time
d. 1808 Congress outlawed slave trade (practice of slavery was still legal in south)
e. slave codes: laws in South to control slaves (1700s) – ex. Made it a crime to teach slaves how
to read and write
f. Underground Railroad: network of people against slavery = safe escape routes to North
i. famous “conductor” (guide) = Harriet Tubman
g. Nat Turner led a rebellion against slaveholders in 1831
11. Southern Cities = 1860 Baltimore = 212,000; New Orleans = 168,000 population
a. Free African Americans = approx. 250,000 population in southern cities
1. in cities segregated communities
b. 1830-1860 laws in south passed to limit personal rights
12. Social Reform:
a. utopias = communities based on a vision of a perfect society
1. 1825 – Robert Owen, New Harmony, Indiana – village dedicated to cooperation rather than competition among members
b. Second Great Awakening – early 1800s wave of religious enthusiasm, included revivals – meetings of people from all areas listening to preachers, praying, singing etc. about social reform
c. Temperance – reform movement calling for drinking little or no alcohol
1. Lyman Beecher – Connecticut preacher crusader against alcohol
2. temperance movement - gained support 1851 Mass. passed law banning alcohol
d. Education Reform –
1. Horace Mann – lawyer became the head of Mass. Board of Education in 1837 – longer school year (6mos), improvements in curriculum, better training/pay for teachers
2. 1850s – 3 basic principles of public education – 1) free/supported by taxes 2)teachers should be trained 3)children should be required to attend
3. Higher Education – many colleges/universities created
4. Dorthea Dix – teacher visited prisons 1841 found poor conditions – many prisoners were not guilty of a crime but mentally ill
e. Transcendentalists – stressed the relationship between humans and nature as well as the importance of the individual conscience
1. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller -writers
2. Thoreau – civil disobedience – refusing to obey laws he felt were unjust
3. Harriet Beecher Stowe – Uncle Tom’s Cabin – novel about injustice of slavery
13. Abolitionists:
a. Abolitionists – reformers who worked to end slavery
1. Constitutional Convention 1787 – compromise = each state decide
b. American Colonization Society – formed in 1816 worked to free slaves by buying them and sending them back to Africa (Liberia – colony then country in 1847 – 12,000+) or to the Caribbean
c. William Lloyd Garrison – 1831 founded The Liberator – antislavery newspaper in Boston
d. Sarah and Angelina Grimke – born in SC to slaveholding family moved to Philly 1832
e. Frederick Douglass – self-taught read/write; escaped slavery in Maryland 1838 – joined Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society –traveled speaking about ending slavery
f. Sojourner Truth – “AKA” Isabella Baumfree – escaped in 1826 – gained official freedom in 1827 when NY banned slavery – abolitionist and advocate for women’s rights
g. Harriet Beecher Stowe – wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin – a novel that called attention to the institution of slavery
14. Underground Railroad:
a. UGRR – network of escape routes for runaway slaves from South to North
b. Popularity of Railroad – used terms as code – ex. “conductor” = helpers/guides – Harriet Tubman – one of the most famous “conductors”
c. Songs/Spirituals – had hidden meanings – “Follow the Drinkin’ Gourd”
d. Opposition – many people (N and S) saw antislavery movements as threats to the nation’s economy
15. Women’s Movement:
a. Lucretia Mott – Quaker – fought for equal rights
b. Elizabeth Cady Stanton – abolitionists joined Mott in fight for equal rights
c. Seneca Falls Convention –July 1848 Seneca Falls, NY – women’s rights convention
1. Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions –
a. end all laws that discriminated against women
b. demanded women be allowed to enter trades, professions, businesses
c. suffrage – fighting for the right to vote
d. Susan B. Anthony –Quaker abolitionist from NY; worked for women’s rights/temperance; college training and coeducation – teaching boys and girls together
e. Elizabeth Blackwell – turned down by 20+ schools before being accepted to Geneva College to study medicine
f. Some gains of the movement:
1. marriage/property laws – women could own property after marriage in several states
2. share guardianship of children in several states