THE ANNOTATEDMONA LISA
Study Guide
Introduction- List examples of the following terms in this painting. You may draw arrows and lines on or to the painting to illustrate the terms:
COMPOSITIONSAMPLE ANSWER:Two overlapping triangles: 1) mast and ropes includes dead and dying; 2)man waving shirt anddynamic figures suggest hope; eye guided to waving figure
MOVEMENT
UNITY AND BALANCE
COLOR AND LIGHT/DARK CONTRAST
MOOD
The Birth of Art: Prehistoric Though Medieval
MESOPOTAMIA: THE ARCHITECTS (p. 6)
Tower of BabelSAMPLE ANSWER:270’ tall; Biblical writers say it as a symbol of human arrogance to reach heaven; Herodotus : eight stepped towers, brass gates, 120 glazed tile lions along entrance. It had a spiral stairway to couch and gold table where god slept.
inventions of Sumerians
ziggurat
The Dying Lioness bas-relief SAMPLE ANSWER:dying after being killed in ritual hunt to show king’s courage; flattened ears and straining muscles show realism
EGYPT: THE ART OF IMMORTALITY
art unchanged for years
ka
Rosetta Stone
Great Pyramid
GREECE: THEY INVENTED MORE THAN THE OLYMPICS
Golden Age/Age of Pericles
Protagoras: “ is the measure of all things”
vase painting subjects
SCULPTURE: THE BODY BEAUTIFUL:SAMPLE ANSWER:ideal proportions = perfection of body/ athletics and perfection of mind/debate; attempted synthesis of passion/reason; statues not white—hair, lips , eyes nails painted with encaustic (hot wax and pigment). First ♂, nudes, then ♀nudes; discovered contrapposto, weight on one foot.
ARCHITECTURE FIT FOR THE GODS:
Parthenon:
Sketch Doric, Ionic, Corinthian capitals:
ROME: THE ORGANIZERS
extent of the Roman Empire:
Explain the Horace quote:
Greek Roman
Preferred structure:
Walls:
Trademark forms:
Support system:
Subject of art:
LEGACY OF ROME(draw the structures below on this paper; summarize “basilica” definition):
post and lintel
arch
basilica
barrel vault
groin vault
baths
THE COLOSSEUM:SAMPLE ANSWER:●emperors used entertainment to distract masses from problems
- naval battles; boxing; killing of criminals, slaves, Christians, 11,000 animals; human/animal conflicts
- one of the most massive buildings; inspired modern stadiums with seat number, smooth crowd flow
- Doric/Ionic/Corinthian columns, balance of columns and arches in vertical bands unified marble exterior which was stripped by the Barberini family
POMPEII:
wall paintings:
“cave canem”
Skim PRE-COLUMBIAN ART OF THE AMERICAS
use of art in pre-Columbian Native culture:
AFRICAN ART: THE FIRST CUBISTS
use of masks
Picasso, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon
List five groups affected by tribal/non-western art:
THE MIDDLE AGES: THE REIGN OF RELIGION
shifts in Western civilization:
cultural leadership:
Christianity:
emphasis on “here-and-now”
view of body:
GOLDEN AGE OF BYZANTINE ART
location in Mediterranean and dates:
ICONS:
MOSAICS:
HAGIA SOPHIA:
meaning of name:
location, purpose, dates, builders:
pendentives
“Solomon, I have vanquished thee!”
ROMANESQUE ART: STORIES IN STONE
dates for Romanesque: origin of name:
ROMANESQUE VS. GOTHIC
EMPHASIS
ELEVATION
LAYOUT
MAIN TRAIT (ARCHES)
SUPPORT SYSTEM
ENGINEERING
AMBIANCE
EXTERIOR
ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPTS Summarize medium (material from which a work is made); purpose; famous example:
GOTHIC ART: HEIGHT AND LIGHT
dates:
ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses:
stained glass:
tapestry
The Unicorn in Captivity
The Rebirth of Art: Renaissance and Baroque
ALL ROADS LEAD FROM ______
Middle Ages: between the and the .
From the list on p. 31, list the five events that you think had the greatest influence on us today and briefly explain your choice:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
THE RENAISSANCE: THE BEGINNING OF MODERN PAINTING
Common Renaissance elements:
1.
2.
3.
THE TOP FOUR BREAKTHROUGHS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
THE EARLY RENAISSANCE: THE FIRST THREE HALL-OF-FAMERS
Quattrocento: ______
What makes the work of Masaccio, Donatello and Botticelli different from Byzantine and Medieval art (pp.24-29)? :
THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE Dates for the High Renaissance: ______
LEONARDO DAVINCI
“Renaissance Man”
Abilities and flaw of Leonardo:
Notes on Mona Lisa (use the cover and the sidebar on p. 34 for your information):
Innovations of and problems withThe Last Supper:
Subjects of Leonardo’s Notebooks:
MICHELANGELO: THE DIVINE M (NOTE:This title is a cheesy pun* on Bette Midler’s title, the Divine Miss M.)
Early childhood:
Patron who took Michelangelo into his Florentine court at age fifteen: ______
Michelangelo’s “harassing wife”: ______his “sons”: ______
* I suspect this is redundant. Aren’t all puns cheesy?
WHO PAID THE BILLS? “patron” in French and Italian means ______
Michelangelo worked for ____ years on a _ for the “warrior-pope” ______; he called the commission a “tragedy”
THE SCULPTOR
Michelangelo described his ______technique as “liberating the figure from the marble that imprisons it”
Classical aspects of the Pietá (which means “______”):
THE PAINTER: THE SISTINE CHAPEL
Ceiling: ______human figures, ______tall, representing the ______and ______of man; in less than ______years
Difficulties in painting:
Altar wall: the Last ______; finished ____ years after the ceiling; Christ is an avenging ______, not Redeemer;
______contorted figures; ______kneeled and begged God to forgive his sins when he saw it.
THE ARCHITECT
Supervised ______Basilica in Rome (NOTE:It is not a cathedral); designed the Campidoglio on ______Hill
RAPHAEL
Independent master at age _____ ; painted Vatican rooms (the Stanza della Segnatura) including The School of ______ (pictured)
Classical aspects of his work:
TITIAN: THE FATHER OF MODERN PAINTING
Titian dominated the art world in the city of ______for sixty years; characteristics of his work:
ARCHITECTURE IN THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
Explain how each of the three buildings pictured follow one or more of “The Three R’s of Renaissance Architecture”:
Pazzi Chapel
Tempietto:
Villa Rotonda:
THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
Beginning date and countries:
Inspiration: Italians: ______Northern Renaissance: ______
Story about Charles VI of France:
New medium and its effect on art:
Italian Renaissance art vs. Northern Renaissance art
SPECIALITY
STYLE
SUBJECTS
FIGURES
PORTRAITS
TECHNIQUE
EMPHASIS
BASIS OF ART
COMPOSITION
The Low Countries and main art cities: ______
JAN VAN EYCK
Inventor of oil painting: ______
Typical characteristics of Jan van Eyck’s paintings:
Characteristics of Arnolfini Wedding:
HIERONYMOUS BOSCH
Characteristics of Bosch’s art:
Twentieth century artists who saw Bosch as their forerunner: ______
PIETER BRUEGEL
Influence of Bosch: ______
Subjects of Bruegel’s work: ______, ______
genre: ______atmospheric perspective: ______
THE GERMAN RENAISSANCE
HOLBEIN: PRINCELY PORTRAITS
Reason Holbein went to England:
King for whom he was court painter: ______; he painted ______of his wives
Subject and aspects of The French Ambassadors:
DÜRER: GRAPHIC ART
“The ______of the North”; “Art stands firmly fixed in ______.”
Painted ______; the earliest was at age ______
MAKING PRINTS: THE INVENTION OF GRAPHIC ARTS
Title:
Method for each:
Differences/similarities:
MannerismAND THE LATE RENAISSANCE
Problem between the High ______and the Baroque and its solution:
Historical disorder during 16th century:
Origin of name “Mannerism”: ______
How is Tintoretto’sThe Last Supper typical of Mannerism?
How is El Greco’s Resurrection typical of Mannerism?
El Greco’s real name was Doménikos Theotokópoulos (Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλοςin Greek). Can you see why the Spaniards in Toledo called him “El Greco” (“the Greek”)?
LIFEON THE EDGE List some weirdness from:
Rosso:
Pontormo:
Baroque: THE OrnateAGE
Baroque art’s common element was a sensitivity and absolute mastery of ______.
Began in ______around ______
ITALIAN BAROQUE
Baroque art diverged from Renaissance in the emphasis on ______rather than rationality, and ______rather
than ______. NOTE: If you don’t know these words (or any words on this worksheet), look them up.
Explain how Caravaggio’s The Conversion of St. Paul is an example of the emphasis above.
THE FIRST BOHEMIAN ARTIST One example of Caravaggio’s unorthodox behavior:
THE FIRST FEMINIST PAINTER
Caravaggisti:
Artemisia Gentileschi’s personal history and subjects:
BERNINI: SCULPTURE IN MOTION
ECSTASY OF ST. TERESA Purpose and techniques of work:
ST. PETER’S CATHEDRAL
baldachin:
BORROMINI: DYNAMIC ARCHITECTURE
Typical Borromini walls:
FLEMISH BAROQUE
Synonyms for Flanders: ______and ______
Peter Paul Rubens’ talents and personality:
Baroque aspects of The Descent from the Cross-
For Rubens, ______IS BEAUTIFUL
MARIE DE’MEDICI SERIES:What was the difficulty for Rubens in portraying Marie de’Medici?
Baroque aspects of Marie Arrives at Versailles:
VAN DYCK: THE INFORMAL, FORMAL PORTRAIT
Painter by age _____ (your age____; this is why he is called a prodigy); worked with ______in Antwerp; “il pittore
cavalleresco” ______
Characteristics of Charles I at the Hunt that made Van Dyck popular:
DUTCHBAROQUE
Flanders: monarchy and the Catholic Church; The Netherlands ______and ______
Church, court and nobility were replaced by the ______
Shops that purchased and hung Dutch art:
STILL LIFE vanitas paintings:
LANDSCAPE AND RUISDAEL Typically, Ruisdael’s landscapes feature:
HALS: MASTER OF THE MOMENT
Typical Hals characteristics in The Jolly Toper:
REMBRANDT THE WORLD FAMOUS
EARLY STYLE:
LATE STYLE: Characteristics of The Night Watch which are typical of the late style:
NOTE: The Night Watch is reversed in your book. I don’t know why. Google “The Night Watch” to see an accurate reproduction.
SELF-PORTRAITS Comparison:
1629-30 1660
VERMEER: MASTER OF LIGHT
“Sphinx of Delft”:
Aspects of The Kitchenmaid that are typical of Vermeer:
camera obscura:
ENGLISH BAROQUE, pp. 57-59(the Stokstad text puts this in the 18th century, but we’ll follow this book here):
Reason art in England lagged behind the rest of Europe in the 17th century:
HOGARTH: THE ARTIST AS ______
Why he received few commissions:
Satire in Breakfast Scene (note: the dog is sniffing at a ladies’ cap [not his wife’s] in his master’s pocket; the figure on the left is their accountant with a stack of unpaid bills and a gesture of scorn dismissing the couple):
He would rather have “checked the progress of ______than been the author of ______[______]”
GAINSBOROUGH AND REYNOLDS, p. 58 Both painted full-length portraits of the wealthy; summarize their differences in a sentence or two for each. Gainsborough vs. Reynolds
THE ROYALACADEMY AND THE GRAND MANNER
First president: ______His rules of art:
BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE: ST. PAUL’S CATHEDRAL
The 1666 Great London ______destroyed more than ______houses and ______churches.
Wren’s innovation on St. ______Cathedral was a wooden ______covered in lead second in size only to St. ______.
SPANISH BAROQUE
Diego Velazquez created forms with fluid ______and went “to ______for everything.” C
The subject of Las Meninas:
THE TOP TEN, p. 61: Just for grins. Nothing to write. Notice that we have looked at nine of the ten already.
FRENCH BAROQUE
Poussin: “la maniera magnifica” (“the ______manner”) meant paintings of:
Claude:painting subjects:
Versailles: Built by Louis ______, known as the ______King, who said, “L’état c’est moi” (“______”) who
had ______nobles and ______soldiers and servants around him in hundreds of rooms.
List some of the features that took Versailles “beyond the sumptuous to the stupendous”:
YOUBE THE RinglingART SCHOLAR!Below are two paintings from the RinglingMuseum in Sarasota. Using your text, identify the Renaissancepainting andthe Baroque painting. Beneath each, list or summarize the reasons you indentified each as you did.
For almost unlimited information on RinglingMuseum paintings, go to and click on the “Art Museum” link. It is a very cool site where art fans can spend hours exploring.
Rococo, p. 64
Rococo birthplace: ______King: ______Primary location in a building: ______
Origin of word: ______Social level that embraced it: ______“féte galante”______
ROCOCO: Mood ______Interior décor: ______
Shapes: ______Style: ______Colors: ______
The Nineteenth Century: Birth of the “Isms”
The ______lost its grip; ______toppled; ______lost its luster; ______
and ______made cities bulge; ______progress (“progress” is a loaded word!) and unrestrained
______caused confusion; and art ______and ______sprung up
From the list on p. 67, list the five events that you think had the greatest influence on us today and briefly explain your choices:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
NEOCLASSICISM: ROMAN FEVER
Reaction against the ______style; its “nobility” and orderliness reflected the 18th century Age of Enlightenment’s
belief in ______and ______.
NEOCLASSICISM: Values: ______Tone: ______Subjects ______
______Technique: ______Role: ______
Archaeology-mania resulted from excavations of ______and ______and the statues from the
______brought to ______by Lord ______
DAVID: Read the section on David. Then choose eitherOath of the Horatii or Death of Marat and show how that painting is an example of Neoclassicism.
INGRES (Neo-classicism): DELACROIX, GERICAULT(Romanticism):
Style:
Insults:
ODALISQUE: Definition:
As your book explains, Manet’s Olympiawas a scandal when it was first exhibited. Choose one of the other Odalisques (by Ingres, Giorgione or Goya) and explain how they differ from Olympia. Consider subject, depiction of subject, style, etc.
AMERICAN NEOCLASSICISM
Neoclassicism in the U. S.:
BEGINNINGS OF AMERICAN ART
Attitudes toward art in the colonies:
On the right are two sculptures of Roman emperors. Look at the two paintings on p. 73. Neoclassical art used Roman and Greek art as models. What have the paintings imitated from Roman art? How is each painting similar to the sculptures in terms of style, depiction, what is included in the works, etc.? How are they different?
John Singleton Copley, Portrait of Paul Revere
Gilbert Stuart, George Washington:
YOUBE THE Ringling ART SCHOLAR! II Below are two paintings from the RinglingMuseum in Sarasota. Using your text, identify the Rococo painting and the Neoclassical painting. list or summarize the reasons you indentified each as you did next to each painting.
GOYA: MAN WITHOUT AN “ISM”
His work indebted to: ______, ______and ______.
Compare Goya’sFamily of Charles IVto Velazquez’s Las Meninas (p. 60.) Explain how Velazquez supports the monarchy in his portrait and how Goya criticizes it. NOTE: Goya’s self portrait is in the shadows on the left, behind the figures in read and blue. It is worth Googling “family of carlos iv prado” and using the zoom tool to view Goya’s blank ironic face in detail.
Romanticism: THE POWER OF PASSION
“______is all!”- Goethe
Elements of Romanticism:
GÉRICAULT: Géricault, Raft of the Medusa
Delacroix: “The real man is the ______.”
Death of Sardanapalus
CONTRIBUTIONS:
Using the list of characteristics listed in the ROMANTICISM box on p. 76 and the NEOCLASSICISM vs. ROMANTICISM
Box on 78, analyze Third of May, 1808, Goya’s depiction of Spaniards being slaughtered by Napoleon’s troops (p.75).
At right is David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps. It and Third of May are propaganda, works that want to influence our opinion, in these cases about Napoleon. What does each artist want us to think about Napoleon?
What about the David portrait is typical of Neoclassicism? Why would Napoleon favor Neoclassicism?
THE ARTIST’S PALETTE
Changes during the Machine Age:
ENGLISH ROMANTICISM
CONSTABLE: John Constable’s subjects and innovations:
The Hay Wain
TURNER: A TURN TOWARD ABSTRACTION
Constable: Turner painted “______visions” with “tinted ______.”
Look at Crossing the Brook and at Rain, Steam and Speed—The Great Western Railway. Then look at the examples of totally abstract art at the bottom of pp. 159 and 160 and p. 166.
AMERICAN ROMANTICISM
Nature before 1825:
Nature after 1830:
Hudson RiverSchool:
InThe OxbowThomas Cole portrayed himself as a tiny figure in a vast landscape (see detail at right; you can’t see him in your book’s reproduction). The Shoshone in Bierstadt’s Rocky Mountainsare dwarfed by the mountains. What do these portrayals suggest about the relationship between humans and nature?
GENRE PAINTING: THE AMERICAN DREAM IN ACTION
Why is George Caleb Bingham’sFur Traders Descending the Missouricalled American genre painting? For a definition of “genre,” see p. 41 under “Bruegel.” For examples, see p. 41, p. 53, p. 55 (the Toper), and p. 56.
REALISM
Historical precedents for Realism:
Subjects for Realism:
Why was Daumier’sThird Class Carriage controversial?
Bonheur in the Ringling: The Rosa Bonheur painting in your book is nice, but let’s go to her Plowing in Nivernais, below, which is in the Ringling. Explain how this is an example of Realism.
For more on this extraordinary painting and woman, go to click on the links for Labourages Nivernais, which is the French name for the painting. The “police certificate” link takes you to a copy of the document that allowed her to legally dress as a man. I’m not making this up.
FRENCH REALISM
COURBET: Gustave Courbet: “I have never seen an ______. Show me one and I’ll paint one.”
What aspects of Interior of My Studio make it an example of Realism?
Pavilion of Realism
BARBIZONSCHOOL
Which group of American artists are most similar to the BarbizonSchool? Why?
Corot
Millet
AMERICAN REALISM
HOMER: “If a man wants to be a painter, he should never look at ______.”
How does Homer’s art follow the statement above?
Look at Homer’s watercolor Sloop, Nassau and at oil paintings of nature scenes (pp. 79 and 82). How are the appearances of works in the two mediums different in terms of color, brightness, richness, etc.?
EAKINS: “The ______did not study the antique. ______is just as varied and beautiful in our day as in the time of Phidias.” (Phidias and his workshop sculpted the works on the Parthenon.)
Teaching methods:
How are The Agnew Clinicand Pole Vaulter examples of the above quote?
WHISTLER: James Abbot McNeill Whistler: “Art for ______sake”
Ruskin’s insults:
vs. Whistler’s charge against Ruskin and his defense:
Your book doesn’t tell you that Ruskin suffered a mental breakdown before the case came to trial, and that he was unable to appear in court. Whistler “won,” and the jury awarded him one farthing (1/4 of a penny). The trial destroyed both men.
The reason why Arrangement in Gray and Black No. 1 should not be called “Whistler’s Mother”: