Name______

Class______

Date______

In this unit, you will be making a project to demonstrate what you have learned. The project will take the form of a book. Each page will have information that you have learned from class discussions, the textbook, and observations/illustrations/conclusions from activities that you have completed in class.

This project will be very creative in nature. For the safety of all students, it is important that you remember to follow instructions and to use materials ONLY for their designated uses. Many of the materials that we will be using are glass. Please take EXTRA CARE when handling these items as they are difficult to replace and even a small chip or crack will render them unusable.

Because all three 7th grade science teachers will be sharing these materials, we will have them for a limited time. Therefore, it is critical that you stay on task and complete each book page/activity in the time allotted.

Your book will contain the following items (in this order):

1.  Cover- designed by you

  1. Title: Color and Light
  2. By: your name here

2.  Table of Contents

  1. I will provide you with an electronic copy. You are welcome to change the font/design of the page as long as the original information remains the same.

3.  Educational Pages

  1. These will show what you learned from class discussions, activities, and the text

4.  Colorful pictures and drawings

5.  Final Page

  1. The words: The End
  2. A piece of science related artwork created by you and incorporating what you have learned

Your completed book is due on April 20, 2012 (the Friday after Spring Break). We will be working on it in class each day. However, as I mentioned earlier, it is very important that you stay current with your pages. It will not be possible to create the entire book in one or two days.


Table of Contents

Topic……………………………………………………………………………………………. Page

Electromagnetic Spectrum………………………………………………………………

Pigment Mixing…...... ….…………………………………………………………………...

Light Mixing….……………………………………………………………………………….

Light vs Pigment Mixing…………………………………………………………………

Reflection and Refraction……………………………………………………………….

Mirrors………………………………………………………………………………………….

Lenses……………………………………………………………………………………………

Eyes and Vision………………………………………………………………………………

Optical Tools…………………………………………………………………………………..


Electromagnetic Spectrum

Waves are caused by ______

______.

Mechanical waves are produced when______.

Waves transfer energy by______.

Waves have four basic properties. These properties are: ______

______.

Electromagnetic waves are______.

The electromagnetic spectrum is ______.

Some electromagnetic waves are harmful. This is because ______.

Pigment Mixing

Pigments are substances that are used to color different materials. Before TVs and computer monitors, printers and publishers wondered if they could print color pictures using just three colors of ink. Yes, it is possible! We see pigment colors by the process of reflection (light reflected off an object). The colors that are not reflected are absorbed (subtracted).

The subtractive primary colors are cyan (blue/green), magenta (red/purple), and yellow- CMY-. These are the three colors used in printer ink cartridges. When the source of color is pigment or dye, the result of combining colors is different from when the source of color is light. Subtractive color mixing occurs when light is reflected off a surface or is filtered through a translucent object. For example, a red pigment only appears red because it absorbs (subtracts) all of the light that is not red and only reflects or allows the red light. A green pigment only reflects green light.

Subtractive Colors Mixing
Combine / Absorbs / Leaves
Cyan + Magenta / Red + Green / Blue
Cyan + Yellow / Red + Blue / Green
Magenta + Yellow / Green + Blue / Red
Cyan + Magenta + Yellow / Red + Green + Blue / Black

As you can see, by working with subtractive pigments, combining all three yields black. In practice, however, the combination of all three does not yield nearly as true of a black color as printing with black directly, so most color printing is done with four ink colors, cyan, magenta, yellow and black, or CMYK for short. A "K" is used instead of a "B" to avoid confusion with blue. In the case of ink jet printers, it's also much cheaper to print with black ink.


Light Mixing

When light strikes an object it can be ______, ______, or ______.

The color of an opaque (not clear) object is determined by ______.

When combined in equal amounts, the three primary colors of light (______), (______),

and (______) produce ______light.

Pigment Colors vs Light Colors

Subtractive vs Additive Color Mixing

The world is full of colors. Some researchers report that humans can distinguish about 16 million different colors. But what's more interesting is that most of the colors we see around us and all the colors we see on a TV or computer monitor can be created from just three different colored lights. How are all the colors made from just three different colors? Simply by combining the light in different ratios. That's it.

Additive Color Mixing

Colored lights are mixed using additive color properties. Light colors are combining two or more additive colors together which creates a lighter color that is closer to white. Examples of additive color sources include computers and televisions.

The additive primary colors are red, green and blue (RGB). Combining one of these additive primary colors with equal amounts of another one results in the additive secondary colors of cyan, magenta and yellow. Combining all three additive primary colors in equal amounts will produce the color white. Remember combing additive colors creates lighter colors, so adding all three primary colors results in a color so "light" it's actually seen as white. Although that may seem strange, if you think of the absence of all light equaling black, it begins to make sense that adding different colors creates white. By changing the brightness of each of the three primary colors by varying degrees, you can make a wide range of colors.

Additive Colors
Combined in Equal Parts
Blue + Green / = / Cyan
Red + Blue / = / Magenta
Green + Red / = / Yellow
Red + Green + Blue / = / White
Additive Colors
Combined in Unequal Parts
1 Green + 2 Red / = / Orange
1 Red + 2 Green / = / Lime
1 Green + 1 Blue + 4 Red / = / Brown

Combining lights in different ratios creates additive colors and works great for TVs and computers, but how do you make a color photograph when your only source of light is the white light above your head? In this case, you'll use something called subtractive or pigment colors. The distinction between additive and subtractive colors is based on whether the image is derived from a light source, like a TV that uses glowing phosphorus, or reflected natural light, as from a book, photograph, wall or any other object.

Subtractive Color Mixing

Before TVs and computer monitors, printers and publishers wondered if they could print color pictures using just three colors of ink. Yes, it is possible, but you have to work in reverse of the process of mixing light colors! We see light colors by the process of emission from the source. We see pigment colors by the process of reflection (light reflected off an object). The colors which are not reflected are absorbed (subtracted). The subtractive primary colors are cyan, magenta and yellow (CMY). These are the three colors used in printer ink cartridges.

Reflection and Refraction

To be completed after spring break.