Early Christian Old Testament Grid References
(April 2017 version)
Since there has been interest in the books of the Bible due to the book and movie, The Da Vinci Code, it might in of interest to know what books early church fathers refers to.
“Let no day pass by without reading some portion of the Sacred Scriptures, at such convenient hour as offers, and giving some space to meditation. And never cast off the habit of reading in the Holy Scriptures; for nothing feeds the soul and enriches the mind so well as those sacred studies do.” Letter of Theonas (c.300 A.D.), Bishop of Alexandria, to Lucianus, the Chief Chamberlain ch.9 p.161
The following is evidence of how many books early writers referenced.
Clement of Rome (96-98 A.D.)......
Ignatius of Antioch (-107/117 A.D.)......
Aristides......
The Didache (before 125 A.D.)......
Letter to Diognetus (c.130 A.D.)......
Epistle of Barnabas (100-150 A.D.)......
2 Clement (c.150 A.D.)......
Justin Martyr (c.138-165 A.D.)......
Tatian's Diatessaron (died 170 A.D.)......
Dionysius of Corinth (170 A.D.)......
Athenagoras (177 A.D.)......
Christians of Vienna and Lugdunum (177 A.D.)......
Claudius Apollinaris of Hierapolis (160-180 A.D.)......
Melito of Sardis (170-177/180 A.D.)......
Hegesippus (170-180 A.D.)......
Theophilus of Antioch (168-181/188 A.D.)......
Ebionite heretics......
Irenaeus of Lyons (182-188 A.D.)......
Minucius Felix (c.210 A.D.)......
Caius and the Muratorian Canon (190-217 A.D.)......
Clement of Alexandria (193-217/220 A.D.)......
Tertullian (198-220 A.D.)......
Asterius Urbanus (c.232 A.D.)......
Theodotus the probable Montanist (c.200-240 A.D.)......
Hippolytus (222-235/6 A.D.)......
Pseudo-Hippolytus (after 222 A.D.)......
Instructions of Commodianus (c.240 A.D.)......
Origen (225-254 A.D.)......
Novatian (250/254-256/7 A.D.)......
Pseudo-Cyprian of Carthage......
Firmilian to Cyprian (Letter 74) (256 A.D.)......
Seventh Council of Carthage (258 A.D.)......
Pontius (after 258 A.D.)......
Gregory Thaumaturgus (240-265 A.D.)......
Dionysius of Alexandria (246-256 A.D.)......
Adamantius (c.300 A.D.)......
Marcionite Megethius (c.300 A.D.)......
Constitutions of the Holy Apostles......
Eusebius of Caesarea......
Ephraim the Syrian......
Cyril of Jerusalem......
Synod of Laodicea (343-381 A.D.)......
Ambrose of Milan......
Pacian of Barcelona......
John Chrysostom......
Orosius/Hosius of Braga (north Portugal)......
Theodore of Mopsuestia......
John Cassian......
Prosper Tyro of Aquitaine (425-465 A.D.)
John of Damascus (706-749 A.D.)
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Clement of Rome (96-98 A.D.)
Clement of Rome (97/98 A.D.) quotes Exodus 2:14 1 Clement ch.4 p.6. He quotes Exodus 3:11 in 1 Clement ch.18 p.10.
Clement of Rome (96-98 A.D.) quotes Numbers 12:10. “blessed Moses also, a ‘faithful servant in all his house,’ noted down in the sacred books all the injunctions which wee given him,…”1 Clement ch.43 p.16
Clement of Rome (96-98 A.D.) quotes Deuteronomy 13:8-9 in 1 Clement ch.29 vol.1 p.12-13.
Clement of Rome (96-98 A.D.) alludes to Joshua when he relates the story of Rahab when the spies were sent by Joshua. 1 Clement ch.12 vol.1 p.8
Clement of Rome (96-98 A.D.) alludes to 1 Kings 18:8, etc. “Through envy, David underwent the hatred not only of foreigners, but was also persecuted by Saul King of Israel.”1 Clement ch.4 p.6
Clement of Rome (96-98 A.D.) quotes Job 1:1 as “Written of Job” in 1 Clement ch.17 p.9 (also vol.9 p.234).
Clement of Rome (96-98 A.D.) quotes Isaiah 1:16-20. 1 Clement ch.8 p.7. He also quotes Isaiah 66:2 in ch.13 p.8
Clement of Rome (97/98 A.D.) quotes Ezekiel 33:11 and 18:30. 1 Clement ch.8 p.7
Clement of Rome (96-98 A.D.) (allusion) “For what shall we say, brethren? Was Daniel cast into the den of lions by such as feared God? Were Ananias, and Azarias, and Michael shut up in a furnace of fire by those who observed the great and glorious worship of the Most High? Far from us be such a thought!” He references Daniel 6:16 and Daniel 3:20. 1 Clement ch.45 p.17
Clement of Rome (96-98 A.D.) “Jonah proclaimed destruction to the Ninevites; but they, repenting of their sins, propitiated God by prayer, and obtained salvation, although they were aliens [to the covenant] of God.”1 Clement (vol.1) ch.7 p.7
Clement of Rome (96-98 A.D.) quotes half of Malachi 3:1 1 Clement vol.1 ch.23 p.11
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Ignatius of Antioch (-107/117 A.D.)
Ignatius to the Smyrnaeans ch.5 p.88 (-107/116 A.D.) mentions the Law of Moses.
Ignatius of Antioch (c.100-117 A.D.) alludes to Isaiah 5:26; 49:22 in his Letter to the Smyrnaeans ch.1 p.86 (shorter, Greek version)
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Aristides
The Apology of Aristides p.275 “Moses their Lawgiver”
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The Didache (before 125 A.D.)
The Didache (before 125 A.D.) ch.2 p.327 discusses Exodus 20:13,14,15,16,17.
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Letter to Diognetus (c.130 A.D.)
Letter to Diognetus (c.130 A.D.) ch.7 p.27 quotes Malachi 3:2 without saying the source.
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Epistle of Barnabas (100-150 A.D.)
Epistle of Barnabas (100-150 A.D.) ch.12 p.145 quotes Exodus 17:14.
Epistle of Barnabas (100-150 A.D.) ch.12 p.145 refers to Numbers 21:8-9 “And Moses spoke unto them, saying, ‘when any one of you is bitten, let him come to the serpent placed on the pole; and let him hope and believe that even though dead, it is able to give him life, and immediately he shall be restored.” And they did so.” Though hast in this also [an indication of] the glory of Jesus;”
Epistle of Barnabas (100-150 A.D.) ch.4 p.139 quotes Isaiah5:21 as “Scripture says”.
Epistle of Barnabas (100-150 A.D.) ch.11 p.144 quotes Jeremiah 2:12,13 as by “the prophet”.
Epistle of Barnabas (100-150 A.D.) ch.6 p.141 quotes Ezekiel 11:19; 36:26 as he [the Lord] says by another prophet.
Epistle of Barnabas (100-150 A.D.) ch.11 p.144 quotes Ezekiel 47:12.
Epistle of Barnabas (100-150 A.D.) ch.4 p.138 “In like manner Daniel says concerning the same, ‘And I beheld the fourth beast, wicked and powerful, and more savage than all the beasts of the earth, and how from it sprang up ten horns, and out of them a little budding horn, and how it subdued under one three of the great horns.”
Epistle of Barnabas (100-150 A.D.) ch.2 p.138 quotes Jeremiah 7:22 (=Zechariah 13:17) as by the Lord.
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2 Clement (c.150 A.D.)
2 Clement (c.150 A.D.) ch.2 p.517 quotes Isaiah 54:1. The writer also quotes Isaiah 29:3 as by Isaiah in ch.3 p.518.
2 Clement (c.150 A.D.) ch.14 p.254 unmistakably quotes 1/3 of Jeremiah7:11as “Scripture”.
2 Clement (c.150 A.D.) vol.7 ch.6 p.518 (also vol.9 p.252)“For thus also saith the Scripture in Ezekiel, ‘If Noah, Job, and Daniel should rise up, they should not deliver their children in captivity.’”
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Justin Martyr (c.138-165 A.D.)
Justin Martyr mentions the Law of Moses in Dialogue with Trypho ch.45 p.217
Justin Martyr refers to Noah and the animals as “by Moses in the book of Genesis”Dialogue with Trypho the Jew ch.20 p.204
Justin Martyr says, “for Moses says somewhere in Exodus” and quotes Exodus 6:2 ff in Dialogue with Trypho the Jew ch.126 p.263
Justin Martyr (c.138-165 A.D.) calls Exodus 3:2-4 scripture in Dialogue with Trypho the Jew ch.60 p.227
Justin Martyr(151-155 A.D.) also tells of the brass serpent in Numbers 21:6-9. He begins with “for in the writings of Moses it is related how at that time, when the Israelites went out of Egypt and were in the wilderness, they fell in with poisonous beasts, both vipers and asps…”First Apology of Justin Martyr ch.50 p.183.
Justin Martyr (c.138-165 A.D.) quotes Deuteronomy 32:15 as “by Moses” in Dialogue with Trypho the Jew ch.20 p.204. He also quotes from Deuteronomy 10:16 as by Moses in the same work ch.126 p.262
Justin Martyr (c.138-165 A.D.) refers to Joshua 5:13 and 6:1,2 in “the book of Joshua”. Dialogue with Trypho the Jew ch.62 p.228
Justin Martyr (c.138-165 A.D.) alludes to the angel appearing to Joshua Son of Nun. Dialogue with Trypho the Jew ch.61 p.227.
Justin Martyr (c.138-165 A.D.) (allusion) extensively discusses the Philistines taking the ark to Ashdod. Dialogue with Trypho the Jew ch.132 p.266
Justin Martyr (c.138-65 A.D.) quotes 2 Samuel 7:14 when Nathan is speaking to David. Dialogue with Trypho the Jew ch.118 p.258.
Justin Martyr(c.138-165 A.D.) quotes 1 Kings 19:14,18 as “Elijah said”. Dialogue with Trypho the Jew ch.39 p.214.
Justin Martyr (c.138-165 A.D.) mentions Job and Zechariah in Dialogue with Trypho the Jew ch.103 p.251
Justin Martyr (c.138-165 A.D.) mentions David in the 49th Psalm and quotes Psalm 51. (They numbered the Psalms slightly differently.) Dialogue with Trypho the Jew ch.22 p.205
Justin Martyr (c.138-165 A.D.) quotes Isaiah 66:1 as by Isaiah in Dialogue with Trypho the Jew ch.23 p.206
Justin Martyr (c.138-165 A.D.) quotes Jeremiah 7:21f as by Jeremiah in Dialogue with Trypho the Jew ch.22 p.205
Justin Martyr (c.138-165 A.D.) quotes Ezekiel 20:19-26 as by Ezekiel in Dialogue with Trypho the Jew ch.21 p.204-205
Justin Martyr (c.138-165 A.D.) “‘Of these and such like words written by the prophets, O Trypho,’ said I, ‘some have reference to the first advent of Christ, in which He is preached as inglorious, obscure, and of mortal appearance: but others had reference to His second advent, when He shall appear in glory and above the clouds; and your nation shall see and know Him whom they have pierced, as Hosea, one of the twelve prophets, and Daniel, foretold.’”Dialogue with Trypho the Jew ch.14 p.202
Justin Martyr (c.138-165 A.D.) refers to Hosea, one of the twelve prophets in Dialogue with Trypho the Jew ch.19 p.204
Justin Martyr in Dialogue with Trypho the Jew ch.108 p.253 (c.138-165 A.D.) mentions Micah as one of the twelve [minor prophets].
Justin Martyr (c.138-165 A.D.) refers to Zechariah 3:1 as by Zechariah in Dialogue with Trypho the Jew ch.79 p.238
Justin Martyr (c.138-165 A.D.) “ And then, as the Scriptures show, at the time when Malachi wrote this, your dispersion over all the earth, which now exists, had not taken place.”Dialgoue with Trypho a Jew ch.117 p.258
Justin Martyr (c.138-165 A.D.) quoted Malachi 1:10, etc. in Dialogue with Trypho the Jew ch.28,41 p.208,215
Justin Martyr (c.138-165 A.D.) mentions Elijah coming before the great and terrible day of the Lord, and incorrectly ascribes this to Zechariah. Dialogue with Trypho the Jew ch.49 p.219
Shepherd of Hermas (160 A.D.) ch.3 p.12 alludes to Eldad and Modat in Numbers 11:26-27.
Shepherd of Hermas ch.31 p.53-54 (c.160 A.D.) alludes to Jeremiah 13:20 and Zechariah 11:15-17 about straying shepherds.
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Tatian's Diatessaron (died 170 A.D.)
Tatian's Diatessaron (died 170 A.D.) section 16 p.68 quotes Matthew 12:41 and Luke 11:24 about Jonah.
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Dionysius of Corinth (170 A.D.)
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Athenagoras (177 A.D.)
Athenagoras (177 A.D.) refers to Isaiah 41:4; 44:6; 43:10,11; 46:1. He also says, “Moses, Isaiah, Jeremiah” and the other prophets. A Plea for Christians ch.9 p.133
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Christians of Vienna and Lugdunum (177 A.D.)
Christians of Vienna and Lugdunum (Lyons) (177 A.D.) alludes to Ezekiel 18:23,32. “while that God who wishes not the death of the sinner, but mercifully calls to repentance, put sweetness into their souls.” vol.8 p.782
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Claudius Apollinaris of Hierapolis (160-180 A.D.)
Claudius Apollinaris (160-180 A.D.) mentions Matthew, the Gospels, and the Law. Ante-Nicene Fathers vol.8 ch.772
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Melito of Sardis (170-177/180 A.D.)
Melito of Sardis (170-177/180 A.D.) “having made myself accurately acquainted with the books of the Old Testament, I have set them down below, and herewith send you the list. Their names are as follows:- The fivebooks of Moses-Genesis , Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy; Joshua, Judges, Ruth, the four books of Kings, the two of Chronicles, the book of the Psalms of David, the Proverbs of Solomon, also called the Book of Wisdom, Ecclesiastes, the Song of Songs, Job, the books of the prophets Isaiah, Jeremiah, of the twelve contained in a single book, Daniel, Ezekiel, Esdras.” From the Book of Extracts(vol.8) p.759
Melito of Sardis (170-177/180 A.D.) “We have collected together extracts from the Law and the Prophets relating to those things which have been declared concerning our Lord Jesus Christ, that we may prove to your love that this Being is perfect reasons, the Word of God;”On Faith ch.4 vol.8 p.756
Melito of Sardis (170-180 A.D.) “The finger of the Lord - the Holy Spirit, by whose operation the tables of the law in Exodus are said to have been written” fragment 9 p.761
Meleto/Melito of Sardis (170-177/180 A.D.) listed Numbers among the books of the Old Testament in his letter to Onesimus. It is unusual that he switches the order of Numbers and Leviticus. On Pascha p.72. Preserved in Eusebius’ Ecclesiastical History 4.26.
Melito/Meleto of Sardis (170-177/180 A.D.) “As in Job, in speaking of the devil: ‘He is the beginning of the ways of the Lord.’” (Job 40:19) From the Oration on our Lord’s Passion fragment 8 p.761
Melito of Sardis (170-177/180 A.D.) quotes Psalm 2:1-2 as“David says” in On Pascha Stanza 62 p.53
Melito of Sardis (170-177/180 A.D.) quotes Jeremiah 11:19 as “Jeremiah says” in On Pascha Stanza 63 p.53.
Meleto/Melito of Sardis (170-177/180 A.D.) “In the prophet: 'I will walk in them, and will be their Lord.'“ (reference to Ezekiel 37:27) From The KeyANF vol.8 p.762.
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Hegesippus (170-180 A.D.)
Hegessipus (170-180 A.D.) “ Thus they fulfilled the Scripture written in Isaiah: 'Let us away with the just man, because he is troublesome to us: therefore shall they eat the fruit of their doings.'“ (Hegesippus is mistaken about this being in Isaiah.) ch.1 Fragments of Five books of Commentaries on the Acts of the Church p.763
Hegesippus (170-180 A.D.) Concerning the Relatives of Our Saviorch.1 vol.8 p.763 refers to “Jeremiah the prophet” and the sons of Rechab.
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Theophilus of Antioch (168-181/188 A.D.)
Theophilus of Antioch (168-181/188 A.D.) “And concerning the conflagration of the world, they have, willingly or unwillingly, spoken in Conformity with the prophets, though they were much more recent, and stole these things from the law and the prophets. The poets corroborate the testimony of the prophets.”Theophilus to Autolycus book 2 ch.37 p.110
Theophilus of Antioch (168-181/188 A.D.) quotes Exodus 20:3; 23:6; 22:21 as God is speaking.Theophilus to Autolycus book 3 ch.9 p.114
Theophilus of Antioch (168-181/188 A.D.) quotes Job 9:9 in Theophilus to Autolycus book 1 ch.6 p.91. He does not refer to Job anywhere else.
Theophilus of Antioch (168-181/188 A.D.) quotes Isaiah 40:22 as by Isaiah. Theophilus to Autolycus book 2 ch.13 p.100
Theophilus of Antioch (168-181/188 A.D.) quotes Jeremiah 6:9 as by Jeremiah in Theophilus to Autolycus book 3 ch.11 p.114
Theophilus of Antioch (168-181/188 A.D.) “And another prophet, Ezekiel, says: 'If the wicked will turn from all his sins that he hath committed, and keep all My statutes, and do that which is right in My sight, he shall surely live, he shall not die.'“Theophilus to Autolycus book 3 ch.11 p.114
Theophilus of Antioch (168-181/188 A.D.)“But so far as regards the periods we speak of, we are corroborated by Berosus, the Chaldean philosopher, who made the Greeks acquainted with the Chaldean literature, and uttered some things concerning the deluge, and many other points of history, in agreement with Moses; and with the prophets Jeremiah and Daniel also, he spoke in a measure of agreement.”Theophilus to Autolycus book 3 ch.29 p.121
Theophilus of Antioch (168-181/188 A.D.) quotes from Zechariah 7:9,10 in his Letter to Autolycus book 3 ch.7 p.115.
Theophilus of Antioch (168-181/188 A.D.) quotes Malachi 4:1 as “Malachi the prophet foretold” in Theophilus to Autolycus book 2 ch.37 p.110
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Ebionite heretics
Ebionites quote of part of Exodus 33:20 as “the law”. Recognitions of Clement ch.29 p.122
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Irenaeus of Lyons (182-188 A.D.)
Irenaeus(182-188 A.D.) inIrenaeus Against Heresiesbook 5 ch.34.1 p.563 mentions the New Testament, and the Old Testament on p.564
Irenaeus (182-188 A.D.) mentions that to people that transgressed the law that Moses threatened that God would bring down to them a day of fire. Irenaeus Against Heresies book 4 ch.20.8 p.490
Irenaeus of Lyons (182-188 A.D.) quotes Exodus 3:7-8 as God is speaking. Irenaeus Against Heresies book 4 ch.12.4 p.476
Irenaeus fragment 26 p.572 quotes half of Leviticus 26:12
Irenaeus (182-188 A.D.) quotes Numbers 16:15 as by MosesIrenaeus Against Heresies book 3 ch.26.4 p.497
Irenaeus (182-188 A.D.) quotes Deuteronomy 5:8 as “Moses said”Irenaeus Against Heresies book 3 ch.6.5 p.420
Irenaeus of Lyons (182-188 A.D.) speaks of the five Amorite kings Joshua shut up in a cave as “scripture”. Irenaeus Against Heresies book 2 ch.24.4 p.395
Irenaeus of Lyons (182-188 A.D.) analyzes the story of Samson in Judges and refers to the source as “holy scripture”Fragments from Irenaeus fragment 40 p.575 He also refers to Samson in fragment 41.
Irenaeus fragment 27 p.572 speaks of the little boy who had to lead Samson by the hand alludes to Judges 16:26
Irenaeus of Lyons (182-188 A.D.) discusses Gideon from Judges 6 in Irenaeus Against Heresies book 3 ch.17.3 p.445
These are all the places where Irenaeus refers to Judges.
Irenaeus of Lyons (182-188 A.D.) quotes 1 Samuel 15:22 as by Samuel. Irenaeus Against Heresies book 4 ch.17.1 p.482
Irenaeus of Lyons (182-188 A.D.) quotes 2 Samuel 11:27, 2 Samuel 12:1. Irenaeus Against Heresies book 4 ch.27 p.498.
Irenaeus of Lyons (182-188 A.D.) quotes 1 Kings 11:1. Irenaeus Against Heresies book 3 ch.27.1 p.499
Irenaeus of Lyons (182-188 A.D.) quotes 1 Kings 18:36 in Irenaeus Against Heresies book 3 ch.6.3 p.419
Irenaeus Against Heresies book 3 ch.12.2 p.430 quotes Joel2:28 as “by the prophet” in the context of Acts 2:22-27
Irenaeus Against Heresies book 3 ch.21.6 p.453 quotes Isaiah 7:11 as by Isaiah.
Irenaeus of Lyons (182-188 A.D.) quotes Isaiah 7:10-17 and says, “Carefully, then, has the Holy Ghost pointed out, by what has been said, His birth from a virgin, and His essence, that He is God (for the name Emmanuel indicates this).”Irenaeus Against Heresies book 3 ch.21.4 p.452
Irenaeus Against Heresies book 3 ch.21.9 p.453 quotes Jeremiah 22:24-25 as by Jeremiah.
Irenaeus Against Heresies book 3 ch.10.3 p.423 quotes 7 out of 21 Greek words of Lamentations 4:20 in the Septuagint.
Irenaeus Against Heresies book 3 ch.21.7 p.453 quotes half of Daniel 2:34 as by Daniel
Irenaeus Against Heresies book 3 ch.20.2 p.450 quotes Jonah 1:9 and 2:2 as Jonah speaking.
Irenaeus Against Heresies book 3 ch.20.4 p.451 quotes Habakkuk 3:3,5 as “the prophet Habakkuk”
Irenaeus of Lyons (182-188 A.D.) quotes the messianic prophecy Zechariah 12:10 in Irenaeus Against Heresies book 24 ch.9 p.508.
Irenaeus (182-188 A.D.) “And Zechariah also, among the twelve prophets, pointing out to the people the will of God, says: 'These things does the Lord Omnipotent declare: Execute true judgment, and show mercy and compassion each one to his brother. And oppress not the widow, and the orphan, and the proselyte, and the poor; and let none imagine evil against your brother in his heart.'“Irenaeus Against Heresies book 4 ch.17.3 p.483
Irenaeus of Lyons (182-188 A.D.) in Against Heresies Book 4 chapter 10 quotes Malachi 3:10.
Irenaeus (182-188 A.D.) “concerning which Malachi, among the twelve prophets, thus spoke beforehand: ‘I have no pleasure in you, saith the Lord Omnipotent, and I will not accept sacrifice at your hands.’”Irenaeus Against Heresies book 4 ch.17.5 p.785
Irenaeus Against Heresies book 3 ch.20.4 p.451 mistakenly quotes Micah 7:9 as by Amos.
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Minucius Felix (c.210 A.D.)
None
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Caius and the Muratorian Canon (190-217 A.D.)
The Muratorian Canon (190-217 A.D.) p.603 mentions “the Old Testament scriptures”
Caius (190-217 A.D.) ch.2.1 p.601 mentions Psalms
Bardesan/Bardesaines of Syria says , “All the Jews, who received the law through Moses”The Book of the Laws of Diverse CountriesAnte-Nicene Fathers vol.8 p.733
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Clement of Alexandria (193-217/220 A.D.)
Clement of Alexandria (193-202 A.D.) “We must know, then, that if Paul is ‘young in respect to time’ -having flourished immediately after the Lord's ascension-yet his writings depend on the Old Testament, breathing and speaking of them.”Stromata book 4 ch.21 p.434
Clement of Alexandria (193-217/220 A.D.) “It is He also who teaches Moses to act as instructor. For the Lord says, ‘If any one sin before Me, him will I blot out of My book; but now, go and lead this people into the place which I told thee.’” (Exodus 32:33,34) The Instructor book 1 ch.7 p.224. See also The Instructor book 1 ch.8 p.218 where he calls Exodus 3:8 Scripture.
Clement of Alexandria (193-217/220 A.D.) quotes Numbers 6:9 as by the “Instructor” saying though Moses. The Instructor book 1 ch.2 p.210.
Clement of Alexandria (193-217-220 A.D.) quotes from Deuteronomy in many places, including Deuteronomy 6:4 as by Moses in Exhortation to the Heathen ch.8 p.195 and the same verse in Stromata book 5 ch.14 p.471.
Clement of Alexandria says, “As the book of Joshua relates”, and later “as the book of Judges mentions”The Stromata (193-202 A.D.) book 1 ch.21 p.325
Clement of Alexandria (193-202 A.D.) “as the Book of Judges mentions.”Stromata book 1 ch.21 p.327
Clement of Alexandria (193-217/220 A.D.) quotes all of 1 Samuel 8:13 as by the prophet Samuel. The Instructor book 3 ch.4 p.278