Physiology Midterm Study Guide
Cell Structure
Definitions
Endocytosis Exocytosis
Concepts
Be able to identify the parts of a cell and know their function.
Plasma membrane – how do gradients, osmosis, diffusion, and active transport operate across the membrane?
Properties of the phospholipid bilayer
Membrane proteins – types and functions
How does the tonicity of a solution affect a cell
Membrane Potentials
Definitions
Action potential / impulse Stimulus Synapse
Neurolemma Nodes of Ranvier decremental conduction
summation Refractory period Propagation / conduction
Wallerian degeneration
Concepts
Parts of a neuron – identify and know function
Myelination / types of cells that produce myelin
How is a resting membrane potential formed
Know the types of ion channels
Concetration gradient vs. electrochemical gradient
Graded potentials vs. action potentials
Depolarizing phase (what channels are open)
Repolarizing phase (what channels are open)
Sodium Potassium pumps (purpose)
Threshold / level of stimulus
Continuous vs. salutatory conduction
Factors that affect the speed of propagation
Differences between A, B, and C nerve fibers (size, myelin, speed of conduction, tissues innervated)
Electrical vs. chemical synapses
How are neurotransmitters removed from the synaptic cleft?
Types of neural circuits
Muscle Tissue
Definitions
Sarcolemma Sacroplasm Myoglobin
Myofibril Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
Concepts
3 Types of muscle tissue – Basic histological differences, where found, voluntary or involuntary
Functions of muscle tissue
Properties – electrical excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity
Isometric vs. Isotonic Contraction
Concentric vs. eccentric contraction
Connective Tissue – layers (epimysium, perimysium [fascicles], endomysium), tendon, aponeurosis
Atrophy vs. hypertrophy
Understand how the sliding filament mechanism works
What causes rigor mortis?
Neuromuscular junction – what is it?, what is the neurotransmitter?, what enzyme degrades the neurotransmitter?
Aerobic Vs. anaerobic respiration in muscle tissue
Muscle fatigue vs. central fatigue
Oxygen Debt
What is a motor unit? How do we recruit them?
Flaccid vs. spastic
Types of skeletal muscle fibers (slow oxidative, fast oxidative glycolytic, fast glycolitic) – Size, strength, resitance to fatigue, amount of myoglobin and capillaries, where found)
Heart
Definitions
Reperfusion damage Autorhythmic fibers ectopic pacemaker
Systole Diastole cardiac cycle
Auscultation tachycardia bradycardia
Hypoxia Angina pectoris Arrhythmias
Cardiac arrest cardiomegaly cor pulmonale
Concepts
Pericardium – know the layers and cavities / functions
Layers of the heart wall
Heart valve disorders
Be able to trace the path of a red blood cell through the chambers and valves of the heart / blood vessels
Coronary circulation
Histology of cardiac muscle tissue – branching, shorter in length, intercalated disc, gap junctions
Know the conduction system of the heart – SA node to AV node to bundle branches to purkinje fibers
Heart sounds S1-S4
Congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, ateriosclerosis, atherosclerosis
Blood Vessels
Definitions
Precapillary sphincter vasomotion varicose veins
Anastomesis collateral circulation end arteries
Edema syncope
Concepts
Types of blood vessels – arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins, metarterioles, vaso vasorum
Tunics of arteries
Vasoconstriction / vasodilation – what causes each
Elastic arteries / muscular arteries
Principles of capillary exchange (diffusion, transcytosis, bulk flow)
Skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump
Cardiovascular center / Cardiac accelerator nerves / vagus nerve, vasomotor nerves
Baroreceptor reflexes / chemoreceptor reflexes
Blood
Definitions
Hematocrit polycythemia hempoiesis
Erythrocyte reticulocyte count phagocytosis
Emigration chemotaxis lysozyme
Coagulation fibrinolysis
Concepts
Functions of blood
Plasma proteins
RBCs, WBCs, platelets
Hormonal regulation of blood cell development
RBC anatomy
Types of WBCs / functions
Intravascular clotting