Forth Quarter Midterm and Benchmark Study Guide

Q4 Benchmark Topics

1.  Characteristics of biodiversity

2.  Characteristics of rainforests

3.  Food webs: direction of arrows, who eats what

4.  Populations: definition, immigration, emigration

5.  Water cycle

6.  Nitrogen cycle

7.  Ecosystem participants: producers, consumers, decomposers, detritivores, herbivores, parasites, viruses, fungi (fungus), bacteria, heterotrophs, chemosynthesis

8.  Energy pyramids: energy consumption, levels of energy in each level, what organisms are found at the top and bottom

9.  Body systems: circulatory, reproductive, respiratory, digestive, endocrine, nervous

10.  Nervous system: know the function of motor neurons, sensory neurons, interneurons, CNS, PNS, reflex reactions, action potential, neurotransmitters. Also know how this applies to a hand jerking away from a hot stove.

11.  Feedback loops: positive, negative, homeostasis. Also know how this applies to blood persure.

Second Semester Final (everything from the benchmark including the following)

1.  Chapter 8.4-8.6 From DNA to Proteins

  1. Translation, transcription
  2. Mutations: chromosomal
  3. Central Dogma
  4. Reading codon table

2.  Chapter 9 Frontiers of Biotechnology

  1. Restriction enzymes, PCR (269)
  2. Clone
  3. DNA Fingerprinting
  4. Recombinant DNA, plasmids(p277)
  5. Gene, Switch, Hox (master)
  6. Genomics, gene sequencing, Human Genome Project, Bioinformatics and proteomics
  7. Gene screening and Gene Therapy

3.  Chapter 10 Principles of Evolution

  1. Evolution, Species
  2. Lamarck- “if a giraffe stretches it neck, this makes the neck longer and the offspring will have lone necks”.
  3. Linnaeus- classification system KPCOFGS
  4. Evidences of evolution: Fossils, Geography, Embryology, Anatomy (homologues, analogous and vestigial)
  5. Variation and adaptations and heritability
  6. Four principles of natural selection: variation, overpopulation, adaptation and descent with modification (know how mutations play a role in natural selection)

4.  Chapter 11 The Evolution of Populations

  1. Calculation of allele frequency from a gene pool.
  2. Importance of genetic variation.
  3. Difference between directional selection, stabilizing selection and disruptive selection
  4. Know how genetic drift takes place
  5. Know what the bottleneck effect is
  6. Know what founder effect is
  7. Know what reproductive isolation, behavioral and geographical is and how speciation occurs
  8. Know the difference between convergent, divergent evolution

5.  Chapter 13 Principles of Ecology

  1. Definition of ecology and ecosystem
  2. Biotic and abiotic factors in ecosystems, keystone species,
  3. Energy pyramids
  4. Food chains and webs
  5. Cycling of matter: hydraulic, carbon, nitrogen
  6. Be able to interpret energy pyramids

6.  Chapter 15 The Biosphere

  1. Know the difference between climate and weather
  2. Know characteristics of the earth’s six major biomes
  3. Know what an estuary is

7.  Chapter 16 Human Impact on Ecosystems

  1. Know how to read population graph
  2. Know what carrying capacity is know the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources
  3. Know what acid rain and smog are
  4. Know what the greenhouse effect is and several causes

8.  Chapter 29 Nervous and Endocrine Systems

  1. Know CNS, PNS (somatic, autonomic, sympathetic and parasympathetic)
  2. Know the structure of a neuron and the two main types: motor and sensory, synapses,
  3. Know how action potential creates a nerve pulse
  4. Know the function of neurotransmitters and how they are affected by drugs
  5. Know the difference between depressants and stimulants
  6. Know the difference between steroid and nonsteroid hormones
  7. Know the chart on page 899 that describes the glands and the hormones that they excrete

9.  Chapter 30 Respiratory and Circulatory System

  1. Know the structures of the respiratory system (lungs, alveoli, diaphragm) and how carbon dioxide and oxygen are exchanged
  2. Know the structure of the circulatory systems (heart, blood vessels, veins, arteries, capillaries)
  3. Know the structure of the heart and how it pumps blood
  4. Page 928- know the blood combinations

10.  Chapter 32 Digestive and Excretory System

  1. Know the structures of the digestive system and their functions p. 978 Figure 32.10 and figure 32.11
  2. Know what peristalsis is
  3. Know that the liver produces bile that breaks down fats
  4. Know figure 32.13 and how absorption of nutrients takes place
  5. Know that the large intestine absorbs water
  6. Know the structures of the excretory system (lungs included here also) Mostly know the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra
  7. Know how kidney dialysis works