Assessing Effects of Copper Fungicide Residues on the Microbial Activity of Vineyard Soils

Supplementary material

Effects of copper fungicide residues on the microbial function of vineyard soils

Adam M. Wightwick, Scott A. Salzman, Suzanne M. Reichman,

Graeme Allinson*, Neal W. Menzies

Table S-1Selected physical-chemical properties of vineyard and reference sites soils from the different regionsa

Region/
soil type / pH
(H2O) / Total Organic Carbon
(%) / Cation Exchange Capacity (cmol/kg) / Clay
(%) / Electrical conductivity (mS/cm)
Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD
south east, SA
Under vine / 8.0 / 8.0 / 0.2 / 2.4 / 2.4 / 0.4 / 25.4 / 23.8 / 6.16 / 26.2 / 27.3 / 7.62 / 0.23 / 0.23 / 0.03
Mid row / 7.6 / 7.6 / 0.3 / 4.1 / 4.3 / 0.8 / 26.1 / 25.0 / 6.18 / 31.0 / 27.4 / 7.94 / 0.28 / 0.30 / 0.06
Reference / 7.7 / 7.5 / 0.5 / 4.5 / 5.3 / 2.5 / 26.0 / 24.7 / 6.68 / 29.7 / 31.9 / 8.36 / 0.25 / 0.31 / 0.15
Grampians
Under vine / 6.9 / 6.8 / 1.0 / 1.7 / 1.9 / 1.1 / 6.26 / 7.29 / 3.12 / 11.7 / 11.8 / 4.73 / 0.27 / 0.28 / 0.14
Mid row / 5.9 / 6.0 / 0.7 / 2.2 / 2.6 / 1.1 / 6.73 / 7.06 / 3.38 / 10.6 / 11.6 / 4.65 / 0.22 / 0.35 / 0.26
Reference / 5.8 / 5.8 / 0.7 / 4.2 / 3.9 / 1.4 / 5.52 / 6.78 / 2.83 / 16.9 / 17.4 / 8.99 / 0.13 / 0.16 / 0.10
MurrayValley
Under vine / 8.3 / 8.2 / 0.5 / 1.3 / 1.3 / 0.3 / 21.9 / 19.0 / 6.32 / 16.5 / 16.0 / 4.99 / 0.18 / 0.36 / 0.55
Mid row / 8.3 / 8.1 / 0.5 / 1.3 / 1.3 / 0.3 / 21.5 / 18.5 / 6.65 / 18.2 / 16.6 / 3.93 / 0.13 / 0.15 / 0.06
Reference / 8.1 / 8.1 / 0.3 / 2.6 / 2.8 / 1.3 / 21.0 / 20.2 / 6.72 / 11.7 / 12.9 / 6.18 / 0.28 / 0.30 / 0.19

a All regions, undervine and mid row soils n = 10; reference soils, south east, SA n = 8, Grampians n = 7, MurrayValley n = 6. SD = standard deviation

Table S-2 Multiple linear regression relationships between enzyme activities and physical-chemical soil properties and concentrations of metals in the soils(all models P < 0.05)

Enzyme activity / Regression equation / Adjusted R2
Phosphomonoesterase
All regions / 961 – 125pH  59.2TOC  6.83CaCl2 extractable Mn  1.7total Cu  0.17total P  3.95clay / 0.91
south east, SA / 2174 + 55.2TOC – 267pH – 1.42total Cu / 0.87
Grampians / 978 + 4.78CaCl2 extractable Mn – 131pH + 1230total N / 0.88
MurrayValley / 739 + 58.6TOC – 101pH + 4.73silt / 0.81
Arylsulfatase
All regions / 1.4  12.1TOC – 1.08CaCl2 extractable Mn – 0.002total Ca / 0.74
south east, SA / 20.3 + 14.8TOC - 0.003total Ca – 9.49 exchangeable K / 0.87
Grampians / 4.47 + 5.70 exchangeable Ca – 0.009total Ca / 0.34
MurrayValley / 3.28 + 99.0total N / 0.45
Urease
All regions / 1.76  4.36TOC – 33.9total N / 0.41
south east, SA / 93.9 – 12.1pH + 3.12 exchangeable Mg / 0.56
Grampians / -0.51 + 0.13total Cr + 1.22TOC / 0.59
MurrayValley / 5.56 + 1.94TOC – 0.006total P / 0.49
Phenol oxidase
All regions / 29.8  5.27total Ni – 199total N  0.007totalCa – 0.008total K + 0.80total Pb / 0.56
south east, SA / -397 + 145total Cd + 58.3pH – 17.0 exchangeable K / 0.65
Grampians / -30.5 + 108 exchangeable K + 3.73total Pb – 3.30Clay / 0.67
MurrayValley / -270 + 2.86 exchangeable Ca + 37.0pH + 67.6CaCl2 extractable Cu / 0.82

Table S-3(a)Concentrations of total metals (mg/kg) in the vineyard and reference site soils from the different regionsa

Region/
soil type / Boron / Cadmium / Chromium / Copper / Lead / Zinc
Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD
south east, SA
Under vine / 34 / 38 / 18 / 0.30 / 0.38 / 0.27 / 29 / 29 / 8.1 / 77 / 84 / 32 / 28 / 30 / 17 / 16 / 28 / 25
Mid row / 33 / 36 / 17 / 0.31 / 0.36 / 0.27 / 29 / 28 / 7.8 / 93 / 96 / 36 / 26 / 28 / 17 / 22 / 32 / 31
Reference / 30 / 34 / 16 / 0.28 / 0.31 / 0.17 / 26 / 26 / 6.9 / 29 / 35 / 20 / 24 / 25 / 9.0 / 23 / 38 / 31
Grampians
Under vine / 16 / 19 / 10 / 0.24 / 0.24 / 0.11 / 15 / 24 / 16 / 44 / 51 / 33 / 17 / 20 / 6.9 / 25 / 30 / 21
Mid row / 15 / 19 / 11 / 0.20 / 0.23 / 0.13 / 15 / 23 / 17 / 34 / 37 / 14 / 15 / 18 / 8.2 / 15 / 24 / 22
Reference / 27 / 24 / 12 / 0.26 / 0.26 / 0.11 / 25 / 28 / 19 / 22 / 28 / 22 / 19 / 19 / 7.3 / 37 / 37 / 29
MurrayValley
Under vine / 16 / 18 / 7.2 / 0.22 / 0.21 / 0.09 / 12 / 13 / 2.9 / 58 / 64 / 21 / 21 / 22 / 7.7 / 39 / 40 / 11
Mid row / 17 / 16 / 4.5 / 0.18 / 0.20 / 0.08 / 13 / 13 / 2.3 / 55 / 60 / 20 / 22 / 22 / 7.8 / 35 / 36 / 7.9
Reference / 16 / 16 / 5.3 / 0.08 / 0.10 / 0.04 / 11 / 11 / 3.3 / 28 / 29 / 17 / 17 / 16 / 6.9 / 47 / 68 / 68

a All regions, undervine and mid row soils n = 10; reference soils, south east, SA, n = 8, Grampians n = 7, MurrayValley n = 6. SD = standard deviation

Table S-3(b)Concentrations of CaCl2 extractable metals (mg/kg) in the vineyard and reference site soils from the different regionsa

Aluminium / Boron / Cadmium / Chromium / Manganese / Nickel / Lead / Zinc
Mean / SD / Mean / SD / Mean / SD / Mean / SD / Mean / SD / Mean / SD / Mean / SD / Mean / SD
South east, SA
Under vine / <0.45 / 0 / 0.38 / 0.07 / <0.008 / 0 / <0.11 / 0 / 0.33 / 0.28 / <0.12 / 0 / <0.02 / 0 / <0.05 / 0
Mid row / <0.45 / 0 / 0.37 / 0.07 / <0.008 / 0 / <0.11 / 0 / 0.79 / 0.44 / <0.12 / 0 / <0.02 / 0 / <0.05 / 0
Reference / <0.45 / 0 / 0.50 / 0.35 / <0.008 / 0 / <0.11 / 0 / 1.24 / 2.19 / <0.12 / 0 / <0.02 / 0 / <0.05 / 0
Grampians
Under vine / 0.86 / 0.51 / 0.35 / 0.12 / 0.01 / 0.00 / <0.11 / 0 / 7.79 / 9.26 / <0.12 / 0 / <0.02 / 0 / 0.38 / 0.33
Mid row / 1.29 / 0.76 / 0.26 / 0.09 / 0.01 / 0.01 / <0.11 / 0 / 13.06 / 12.75 / <0.12 / 0 / <0.02 / 0 / 0.39 / 0.33
Reference / 2.37 / 2.29 / 0.28 / 0.11 / 0.02 / 0.01 / <0.11 / 0 / 26.76 / 12.59 / <0.12 / 0 / <0.02 / 0 / 0.70 / 0.98
MurrayValley
Under vine / <0.45 / 0 / 0.72 / 0.36 / <0.008 / 0 / <0.11 / 0 / 0.63 / 0.68 / <0.12 / 0 / <0.02 / 0 / 0.08 / 0.02
Mid row / <0.45 / 0 / 0.51 / 0.18 / <0.008 / 0 / <0.11 / 0 / 0.42 / 0.59 / <0.12 / 0 / <0.02 / 0 / <0.05 / 0
Reference / <0.45 / 0 / 0.75 / 0.34 / <0.008 / 0 / <0.11 / 0 / 0.44 / 0.37 / <0.12 / 0 / <0.02 / 0 / <0.05 / 0

a All regions, under vine and mid row soils n = 10; reference soils, south east SA, n = 8, Grampians n = 7, MurrayValley n = 6

Table S-4Enzyme activity of vineyard and reference site soils from the different regions (after 54 days of incubation)a

Region/
soil type / Phosphomonoesterase
g p-nitrophenol/g dry soil/h) / Arylsulfatase
g p-nitrophenol/g dry soil/h) / Urease
g NH4/g dry soil/h) / Phenol oxidase
mol diqc/g dry soil/min)
Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD / Median / Mean / SD
south east, SA
Under vine / 132 / 148 / 55.0 / 13.0 / 13.8 / 6.44 / 3.70 / 4.81 / 4.85 / 57.3 / 67.4 / 42.8
Mid row / 304 / 305 / 119 / 51.7 / 47.0 / 11.7 / 6.37 / 8.02 / 5.65 / 39.5 / 57.8 / 52.5
Reference / 498 / 506 / 215 / 44.3 / 56.2 / 38.0 / 8.66 / 11.2 / 8.31 / 24.7 / 31.7 / 28.5
Grampians
Under vine / 183 / 267 / 200 / 9.79 / 11.7 / 7.81 / 4.28 / 4.64 / 3.11 / 29.6 / 69.7 / 62.4
Mid row / 451 / 546 / 269 / 15.2 / 16.7 / 11.3 / 3.95 / 5.02 / 2.38 / 27.5 / 51.2 / 44.7
Reference / 712 / 687 / 219 / 10.9 / 12.2 / 10.5 / 8.90 / 9.26 / 6.15 / 23.1 / 61.4 / 74.7
MurrayValley
Under vine / 76.4 / 108 / 88.5 / 9.81 / 9.10 / 7.02 / 3.85 / 4.04 / 2.52 / 93.2 / 91.2 / 33.8
Mid row / 102 / 99.5 / 61.4 / 4.64 / 7.44 / 9.70 / 2.56 / 3.77 / 3.22 / 104 / 86.0 / 37.4
Reference / 155 / 212 / 138 / 17.8 / 18.1 / 11.5 / 7.66 / 8.03 / 3.52 / 86.7 / 81.5 / 20.7

a All regions, undervine and mid row soils n = 10; reference soils, south east, SA, n = 8, Grampians n = 7, MurrayValley n = 6

* Corresponding author: Department of Primary Industries, PO BOX 114, Queenscliff ,Vic, Australia 3225; telephone: +61-3-52580111; Email: