WHAP Unit 5 Chapter 17 Reading GuideName:
24x5=120, 24x2=48=168Hour:
Read Chapter 17 and Identify the following:
The increased output of machine made goods that began in England in the late 1700s
Steam engine:
1765, James Watt, Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power.
Enclosure movement:
Movement to fence in lands, commons areas put into agricultural production
Reform Bill of 1832:
British law passed to provide suffrage to middle-class men
Middle-class values:
Belief system typical of the middle class that developed in Britain in the nineteenth century; it emphasized thrift, hard work, rigid moral behavior, cleanliness, and “respectability.”
“Friendly societies”/unions:
Efforts of the laboring classes to bare the industrial revolution, members would take care of their own by collecting dues and contributing to each other’s needs, worked together to get better working conditions and wages
Robert Owen:
Created a community of his workers in New Lanark Scotland where textile mill workers lived nicely / Socialism:
a political and economic system that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole (or the government)
Karl Marx:
Most influential proponent of socialism, was a German expatriate in England who advocated working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future (1818-18750
The Labour Party:
British working-class political party established in the 1890s and dedicated to reforms and a peaceful transition to socialism, in time providing a viable alternative to the revolutionary emphasis of Marxism
Duma:
National legislative assembly of Russia
Russian Revolution of 1905:
Spontaneous rebellion that erupted in Russia after the country’s defeat at the hands of Japan in 1905. The revolution was suppressed, but it forced the government to make substantial reforms.
Caudillos:
Military strongmen who seized control of Latin American governments in the nineteenth century
Santa Anna:
Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna, caudillo that was president of Mexico, tried to create stability, 1833-1855. / Haciendas:
Plantation farms owned by the wealthy, many laborers
War of Yucatan:
(1847-1901) poor rebelled against the upper class, a prolonged struggle of the Maya people of Mexico aimed at cleansing their land of European and mestizo intruders
Porfirio Diaz:
Mexican dictator (1876-1911) ousted in Mexican revolution
Pancho Villa:
Charismatic leader of the Mexican Revolution
Emiliano Zapata:
Charismatic leader of the Mexican Revolution
Mexican Revolution:
Long and bloody war (1911-1920) in which Mexican reformers from the middle class joined with workers and peasants to overthrow the dictator Porfirio Diaz and create a new, much more democratic political order
Banana Republics:
A small and/or unstable nation that is dependent economically on the export of one resource (like bananas in the Honduras)
Key Concept 5.1 Industrialization and Global Capitalism
- Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced.
- A variety of factors led to the rise of industrial production.
Agricultural revolution led to rise in population (enclosure, crop rotation, selective breeding of livestock), access to new sources of energy, competitiveness of European nations that weren’t under one empire, European royals supported merchants, Europe’s location on Atlantic Ocean. In Britain: high population of workers, stable government that passed laws to support business, people with money to invest, banks to loan money, natural resources (coal, iron ore, rivers, harbors), national pride/competitiveness
- The development of machines made it possible to exploit vast new resources of energy stored in fossil fuels.
James Watt, 1765, Mechanical device in which the steam from heated water builds up pressure to drive a piston, rather than relying on human or animal muscle power.
Later used in transportation=boats, locomotives
Internal combustion engine:
Different from steam engine in that fuel is burned inside the engine/in chamber and not separately, turns piston
Fossil fuels and their effect on society:
Coal, petroleum—increased available energy, extraction altered landscape, pollution of air increased incidence of respiratory illness
- How did the development of the factory system concentrate labor in a single location and lead to an increasing degree of specialization of labor?
- Describe the spread of the new methods of industrial production from Northern Europe to other areas.
Samuel Slater took idea of spinning jenny to U.S. 1789
competition pushed other nations/regions to industrialize
Some nations are still developing today
- Describe the new innovations of the “second Industrial revolution”
Instead of iron, U.S. Steel Corporation, 1856 Bessemer converter(blast furnace) to make cheaper stronger steel
Chemicals:
Alkaline for textiles, dyes, soaps, fertilizers, pesticides
Electricity:
Electric lights, power machinery, refrigeration, light bulb
Machinery:
Assembly line, interchangeable parts, “scientific management”, including and surpassing those listed in lecture notes (shuttle, mule, jenny, gin, etc)
- New patterns of global trade and production developed and further integrated the global economy as industrialists sought raw materials and new markets for the increasing amount and array of goods produced in their factories.
- The need for raw materials for the factories and increased food supplies for the growing population in urban centers led to the growth of export economies around the world that specialized in mass producing single natural resources. The profits from these raw materials were used to purchase finished goods.
Cotton in India
Rubber and palm oil in Indonesia
Guano=bird and bat poo from Peru
Metals and minerals
Coal, iron
Bananas Copper from Chile
Natural gas Tin from Bolivia
Silver from Mexico
Cacao from Ecuador
Coffee from Brazil and Guatemala
- The rapid development of industrial production contributed to the decline of economically productive, agriculturally based economies.
textile production in India
(manufacturing jobs growing instead of agriculture in general)
- The rapid increases in productivity caused by industrial production encouraged industrialized states to seek out new consumer markets for their finished goods.
Consumerism, department stores
- The need for specialized and limited metals for industrial production, as well as the global demand for gold, silver and diamonds as forms of wealth, led to the development of extensive mining centers.
Map 832, 848, 855
Copper mines in Mexico
Gold and diamond mines in South Africa
- To facilitate investments at all levels of industrial production, financiers developed and expanded various financial institutions.
- The ideological inspiration for economic changes lies in the development of capitalism and classical liberalism associated with Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill.
Free market/laissez-faire/free trade/private property, self-interest, make profit
Classical Liberalism/John Stuart Mill:
Favored Republican forms of government, legislative bodies, written constitutions, universal suffrage, taxation of business profits and personal incomes, equality for women
- Financial instruments expanded.
Stock markets, insurance, gold standard, limited liability corporations
- The global nature of trade and production contributed to the proliferation of large-scale transnational businesses.
United Fruit Company-Dole
U.S. and British ownership of businesses in Latin America
- There were major developments in transportation and communication.
Steam boat, locomotive and railroad, MacAdam roads, canals and other man-made waterways, turnpikes
Paved streets, streetcars, street lights (gas then electric)
Communication:
Telegraph/Morse Code, telephone/Bell, typewriters, film photography
- The development and spread of global capitalism led to a variety of responses.
- In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves to improve working conditions, limit hours, and gain higher wages, while others opposed capitalist exploitation of workers by promoting alternative visions of society.
Robert Owen: New Lanark, Scotland
Marxism:
Karl Marx, Capitalism was doomed to collapse in revolution leading to socialism, means of production held in common by the people; social problems caused by Capitalists, capitalists vs. proletariat
Anarchism:
Opposed all forms of government
- In Qing China and the Ottoman Empire, some members of the government resisted economic change and attempted to maintain preindustrial forms of economic production.
- In a small number of states, governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of industrialization.
Diaz’s Mexico: made as many technological improvements as possible
Britain supported business
Russia: railroad, factories
- In response to criticisms of industrial global capitalism, some governments mitigated the negative effects of industrial capitalism by promoting various types of reforms.
Legalization of unions
English male workers gradually obtained right to vote
Abolishing child labor
Regulating factory conditions
1911 relief system for unemployed
Sanitation
Urban parks
Public education, minimum wages, maximum hours of work in a day
- The ways in which people organized themselves into societies also underwent significant transformations in industrialized staes due to the fundamental restructuring of the global economy.
- New social classes formed.
immigrants
middle class “respectability”
- Family dynamics, gender roles, and demographics changed in response to industrialization.
Child labor
Migration of European and Asian workers to the US and Latin America
Families no longer worked together on farm, out in various factories
In upper and middle classes, wife did not work for profit but in lower classes women had to work to have food/rent
Leisure time for wealthy
Females as secretaries and telephone operators
Lower middle class women worked until married, men who couldn’t provide for their wives were considered failures
Women had “lighter” jobs/tasks, repetitive
- Rapid urbanization had several effects.
Idea of “community” is very different than before
Polluted drinking water
Lower life expectancy
Key Concept 5.3 Nationalism, Revolution, and Reform
- The global spread of European political and social thought and the increasing number of rebellions stimulated new transnational ideologies and solidarities.
- Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of political ideologies.
Welcomed change, wanted to shake up status quo, end inequality and injustice, favored republican forms of gov’t
Socialism:
Worked to alleviate social problems by ending capitalism, major means of production owned by gov’t
Communism:
Abolition of private property, egalitarian society
Key Concept 5.4 Global Migration
- Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demography in both industrialized and unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living.
- Changes in food production and improved medical conditions contributed to a significant global rise in population.
- Because of the nature of the new modes of transportation, both internal and external migrants increasingly relocated to cities. This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanization of the nineteenth century.
20% of Europeans migrated to other areas like Americas, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa
Transportation was cheap on railroads and steamships
- Migrants relocated for a variety of reasons.
- Many individuals chose freely to relocate, often in search of work.
Europeans coming to U.S. for factory jobs-usually textile or for land
Gold prospectors
Asians coming to US to work on railroads
Going to Latin America for plantation work
- The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and semicoerced labor migration.
Sharecropping for freed slaves
Indentured labor contracts (China)
- While many migrants permanently relocated, a significant number of temporary and seasonal migrants returned to their home societies.
About 7% of the 20% of Europeans who migrated returned to Europe
Golodrinas: Europeans who traveled back and forth to South America for harvest work (Italians in Argentina)
Gold prospectors
- The large-scale nature of migration, especially in the nineteenth century, produced a variety of consequences and reactions to the increasingly diverse societies on the part of migrants and the existing populations.
- Due to the physical nature of the labor in demand, migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men.
- Migrants often created ethnic enclaves in different parts of the world which helped transplant their culture into new environments and facilitated the development of migrant support networks.
Chinese in SE Asia, the Caribbean, S. America and N. America
Indians in East and Southern Africa, the Caribbean, and SE Asia
In U.S. myth of the “melting pot”
Urban areas would have sections/neighborhoods based on ethnicity: Little Italy, Chinatown
Black communities throughout US
- Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic and racial prejudice and the ways states attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders.
Earlier immigrants, mainly protestants, did not like later Catholic and Jewish immigrants, saw them as inferior and “un-American”, blamed them for crime, labor unrest and socialist ideas
Chinese Exclusion Act: US ordered a complete halt to migration from China in 1882 (and Japan in 1908)
White Australian Policy