Name: ______Marine Science
Date: ______Block: ______
Notes – Marine Ecology
Ecology – the study of the relationships of ______(biota) to the ______(abiotic or non living)
- each ______is structurally, chemically or behaviorally adapted for a particular ______(place) and occupies a particular ______(job)
Major Marine Habitats divided into ______groups:
1. ______- photic (light) zone containing
______(floaters) and ______(swimmers)
a. ______- coastal areas
b. ______- open water
2. ______- substrate on the ______or basins
a. ______- 90% dark area of open water
b. ______- deep bottom water of the ocean floor
These habitats are occupied by five levels of biota:
1. ______- one plant or animal of a species
a. ______- organisms that cannot move forward against currents
- ______- photosynthetic producers
- ______- primary consumers
b. ______- swimming animals
- ex. ______, ______, ______, ______
c. ______- bottom dwellers
- ______walk on the substrate - ex. ______
- ______- live on the substrate - ex. ______
d. ______- hover, swim or rest
- ex. ______, ______, ______
e. ______- attached
- ex. ______, ______
2. Populations - ______
______
______
- ______used to identify which individuals are pare of a population
- population density - ______
______
- affected by ______, ______, ______
and ______based on the number of adults
3. Communities - ______
______
- community living has an advantage by
- ______
- ______
- General niches in a community –
a. ______- phytoplankton, start the food chain
b. ______- herbivores, carnivores, omnivores – eat others
c. ______- scavengers, break down organic compounds into
nutrients for ______
Biological Succession – ______
a. Pioneer - ______
b. Juvenile - ______
c. Mature - ______
- those where ______= ______
4. Ecosystem - ______
- ex. Coral reefs, polar seas
- changes in the components of an ecosystem have unpredictable results,
however, they have remarkable ways of restoration
5. Biosphere - ______
______
ENERGY RELATIONSHIPS
In ecosystems, ______is cycled through these niches:
______- produce food by photosynthesis
______- consume autotrophs and other heterotrophs
______- rearrange organic materials into nutrients for ______
______- the amount of energy available to support life or the largest population that can be sustained by the available resources
______represent the steps in transferring ______through the ecosystem.
- complex and integrated food chains are called ______
______- the critical biomass in an ecosystem because the food web is built around that particular organism.
Energy can be represented by ______that compare the number of organisms in a ______, or the ______(biomass) of organisms, or the ______(energy calories).
Generally, only ______of the energy is passed on to the next ______level.
Why does the amount of energy change if energy is never created or destroyed?
1. It can be converted into ______forms such as ______or for an organism’s ______, ______and ______.
2. Not all parts of an organism have ______or provide ______(bones, scales, etc)
Net or ______- the calculated amount of energy available
- primary productivity of the ocean is 22-28 billion tons of ______(mostly glucose) per year
- net productivity = ______productivity - ______(in g/m2/year)
______is the amount of ______used at each level to maintain life
- estimated at ______of the available calories
If one trophic level has ______calories available, only ______can be potentially ______to the next higher level
The more levels in the ______, the less energy is available in a useable form at the next higher level
- ______food chains are more efficient
- the reason the ocean can support the tremendous expense of ______mammals is because they eat ______on the food chain
______
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