6th Grade Social Studies: World Geography and Global Issues SS060504
Unit 5: Human/Environment Interaction Lesson 4
Graphic Organizer
Big Idea Card
· Energy is usable power that comes from heat, electricity, motion, etc.
· Energy creation and utilization is a vital part of life on Earth.
· Energy can be created from both non-renewable and renewable natural resources.
· Non-renewable sources of energy are those that we use up and cannot recreate. They include oil, natural gas, and coal.
· Renewable sources of energy are those that can be easily replaced such as biomass, solar power, and wind power.
· All sources of energy have both advantages and disadvantages.
· A major disadvantage of using fossil fuels to create energy in that they emit greenhouse gases which contribute to climate change.
Word Cards
Word cards from previous lessons used in this lesson:
· human-environment interaction – Word Card #3 from Lesson 1
· natural resources – Word Card #4 from Lesson 2
· renewable resource – Word Card #5 from Lesson 2
· nonrenewable resource – Word Card #6 from Lesson 2
· fossil fuels – Word Card #4 from Lesson 2
· consumption – Word Card #12 from Lesson 3
14energy
usable power that comes from heat, electricity, motion, etc.
Example: Energy comes in different forms such as heat (thermal), light (radiant), motion (kinetic), electrical, chemical, nuclear, or gravitational.
(SS060504) / 15nuclear energy
power created by splitting atoms apart of combining atoms together
Example: Nuclear energy can be a source of electricity.
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16
uranium
a fuel used to create nuclear energy
Example: Uranium is extracted from the Earth through mining.
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biomass
renewable energy from plants and animals
Example: Wood, crops and alcohol fuels are forms of biomass.
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18
geothermal energy
heat from within the Earth
Example: Geothermal energy can be used to heat houses and produce electricity.
(SS60504) / 19
hydropower
energy created using water
Example: Dams are a common source of hydropower.
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20
greenhouses gases
chemical compounds found in the Earth’s atmosphere
Example: Carbon dioxide and methane are examples of greenhouse gases.
(SS60504)
“Energy Consumption.” How the Average American Uses Energy. Visual Economics. 4 December 2013 <http://visualeconomics.creditloan.com/how-the-average-american-uses-energy/>.
Solar Power Infographic. Solar Energy Blog. 4 December 2013 <http://solarenergyfactsblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/solar-energy-infographic.gif>.
Coal Use. China – Choke Point. Circle of Blue. 15 April 2013 <http://www.circleofblue.org/waternews/featured-water-stories/choke-point-china/>.
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Copyright © 2010-2014 Oakland Schools December 19, 2013
6th Grade Social Studies: World Geography and Global Issues SS060504
Unit 5: Human/Environment Interaction Lesson 4
How to Destroy Earth. 4 December 2013 <http://thumbnails.visually.netdna-cdn.com/climate-change_5029143248c6d.jpg>.
“Wind Energy in America.” Wind Power Infographic. US Department of Energy. 4 December 2013 <http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/styles/photo_gallery_large/public/slidesWindInfographic-01.jpg?itok=2H8pk8Te>.
Analyzing Info-Graphics
Number / Topic / Important Fact or Statistic / Question1
2
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Copyright © 2010-2014 Oakland Schools December 4, 2013
6th Grade Social Studies: World Geography and Global Issues SS060504
Unit 5: Human/Environment Interaction Lesson 4
Group Energy Project
Your group will be assigned one of eight different energy sources. You will be given information sheets about your assigned source. Using the information, create a presentation for the class including the following:
1. A description of the energy source
2. Locations on the earth where your energy source can be found
3. A description of how your source generates energy
4. A description of the advantages your source provides
5. A description of the disadvantages your source has
6. A description of the effects your source has on the environment
7. Any other information you think will help people better understand your source
Your presentation needs to include:
1. At least 4 statistics
2. At least 2 interesting facts
3. At least 2 visuals/illustrations
Your presentation will be evaluated using the following rubric:
Content(What was said) / Delivery
(How it was said) / Visual Aids
(How it was illustrated)
Oil (petroleum)
How Was Oil Formed?
Oil was formed from the remains of animals and plants (diatoms) that lived millions of years ago in a marine (water) environment before the dinosaurs. Over millions of years, the remains of these animals and plants were covered by layers of sand and silt. Heat and pressure from these layers helped the remains turn into what we today call crude oil. The word "petroleum" means "rock oil" or "oil from the earth."
Crude oil is a smelly, yellow-to-black liquid and is usually found in underground areas called reservoirs. Scientists and engineers explore a chosen area by studying rock samples from the earth. Measurements are taken, and, if the site seems promising, drilling begins. Above the hole, a structure called a 'derrick' is built to house the tools and pipes going into the well. When finished, the drilled well will bring a steady flow of oil to the surface.
File Scrub L3 ::::: EE ... oil_home-basics ... oil_where-basics
Where Is Oil Produced?
Crude oil is produced in 31 states and U.S. coastal waters. In 2012, 61% of U.S. crude oil production came from five states:
· Texas (31%)
· North Dakota (10%)
· California (8%)
· Alaska (8%)
· Oklahoma (4%)
As of 2012, about 20% of U.S. crude oil was produced from wells located offshore in state and federally administered waters of the Gulf of Mexico.
Although total U.S. crude oil production generally declined between 1985 and 2008, it has been increasing since 2008. More cost effective drilling technology has helped boost production, especially in North Dakota, Texas, and the offshore Gulf of Mexico.
In 2012, the United States relied on net imports (imports minus exports) for about 40% of the petroleum that we used.
About 100 countries produce crude oil. The top five producing countries in 2012, and their share of total world production:
· Saudi Arabia (13%)
· Russia (12%)
· United States (12%)
· China (5%)
· Canada (4%)
After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Saudi Arabia became the world’s top petroleum producer.
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What Fuels Are Made From Crude Oil?
After crude oil is removed from the ground, it is sent to a refinery by pipeline, ship, or barge. At a refinery, different parts of the crude oil are separated into useable petroleum products. Crude oil is measured in barrels (abbreviated "bbls").
A 42-U.S. gallon barrel of crude oil provides about 45 gallons of petroleum products. This gain from processing the crude oil is similar to what happens to popcorn, which gets bigger after it's popped. The gain from processing is 7%.
One barrel of crude oil, when refined, produces about 19 gallons of finished motor gasoline, and 10 gallons of diesel, as well as other petroleum products. Most petroleum products are used to produce energy. For instance, many people across the United States use propane to heat their homes.
Other products made from petroleum include:
· Ink
· Crayons
· Dishwashing liquids
· Deodorant
· Eyeglasses
· CDs and DVDs
· Tires
· Ammonia
· Heart valves
How Does Oil Affect the Environment?
Products from oil (petroleum products) help us do many things. We use them to fuel our airplanes, cars, and trucks, to heat our homes, and to make products like medicines and plastics. Even though petroleum products make life easier — finding, producing, moving, and using them can harm the environment through air and water pollution.
Emissions and Byproducts Are Produced from Burning Petroleum Products
Petroleum products give off the following emissions when they are burned as fuel:
· Carbon dioxide (CO2)
· Carbon monoxide (CO)
· Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
· Nitrogen oxides (NOX) and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
· Particulate matter (PM)
· Lead and various air toxics such as benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and 1,3-butadiene may be emitted when some types of petroleum are burned
Nearly all of these byproducts have negative impacts on the environment and human health:
· Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas and a source of global warming.
· SO2 causes acid rain, which is harmful to plants and to animals that live in water and it worsens or causes respiratory illnesses and heart diseases, particularly in children and the elderly.
· NOX and VOCs contribute to ground-level ozone, which irritates and damages the lungs.
· PM results in hazy conditions in cites and scenic areas, and, along with ozone, contributes to asthma and chronic bronchitis, especially in children and the elderly. Very small, or “fine PM” is also thought to cause emphysema and lung cancer.
· Lead can have severe health effects, especially for children.
Technology Helps Reduce Drilling's "Footprint"
Exploring and drilling for oil may disturb land and ocean habitats. New technologies have greatly reduced the number and size of areas disturbed by drilling, sometimes called "footprints." Satellites, global positioning systems, remote sensing devices, and 3-D and 4-D seismic technologies make it possible to discover oil reserves while drilling fewer wells.
The use of horizontal and directional drilling makes it possible for a single well to produce oil from a much bigger area. Today's production footprints are also smaller than those 30 years ago because of the development of movable drilling rigs and smaller "slimhole" drilling rigs.
When the oil in a well becomes uneconomical to produce, the well must be plugged below ground, making it hard to tell that it was ever there. As part of the "rigs-to-reefs" program, some old offshore rigs are tipped over and left on the sea floor to become artificial reefs that attract fish and other marine life. Within six months to a year after a rig is toppled, it becomes covered with barnacles, coral, sponges, clams, and other sea creatures.
If oil is spilled into rivers or oceans, it can harm wildlife. When we talk about "oil spills," people usually think about oil that leaks from a ship that is involved in an accident. The amount of oil spilled from ships dropped significantly during the 1990s partly because new ships were required to have a "double-hull" lining to protect against spills.
Natural Seeps are a Major Source of Oil in Ocean Water
While oil spills from ships and offshore platforms are the most well-known source of oil in ocean water, a lot of oil actually gets into water from natural oil seeps coming from the ocean floor. The natural seeps may be a "major" source of oil that enters the environment globally, but they are slow, small, and spread out over large areas, and the ecosystem has adapted to them, versus the catastrophic impact that a tanker or well spill has on the areas affected.
Leaks also happen when we use petroleum products on land. For example, gasoline sometimes drips onto the ground when people are filling their gas tanks, when motor oil gets thrown away after an oil change, or when fuel escapes from a leaky storage tank. When it rains, the spilled products get washed into the gutter and eventually flow to rivers and into the ocean. Another way that oil sometimes gets into water is when fuel is leaked from motorboats and jet skis.
When a leak in a storage tank or pipeline occurs, petroleum products can also get into the ground, and the ground must be cleaned up. To prevent leaks from underground storage tanks, all buried tanks are supposed to be replaced by tanks with a double lining.
Adapted from: Oil. Energy Kids. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 4 December 2013 <http://www.eia.gov/kids/energy.cfm?page=oil_home-basics>.
Natural Gas
How Was Natural Gas Formed?
The main ingredient in natural gas is methane, a gas (or compound) composed of one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Millions of years ago, the remains of plants and animals (diatoms) decayed and built up in thick layers. This decayed matter from plants and animals is called organic material — it was once alive. Over time, the sand and silt changed to rock, covered the organic material, and trapped it beneath the rock. Pressure and heat changed some of this organic material into coal, some into oil (petroleum) and some into natural gas— tiny bubbles of odorless gas.
How Do We Get Natural Gas?
The search for natural gas begins with geologists, who study the structure and processes of the Earth. They locate the types of rock that are likely to contain gas and oil deposits.
Today, geologists' tools include seismic surveys that are used to find the right places to drill wells. Seismic surveys use echoes from a vibration source at the Earth’s surface (usually a vibrating pad under a truck built for this purpose) to collect information about the rocks beneath. Sometimes it is necessary to use small amounts of dynamite to provide the vibration that is needed.
Scientists and engineers explore a chosen area by studying rock samples from the earth and taking measurements. If the site seems promising, drilling begins. Some of these areas are on land but many are offshore, deep in the ocean. Once the gas is found, it flows up through the well to the surface of the ground and into large pipelines.
Some of the gases produced along with methane, such as butane and propane (also known as "by-products"), are separated and cleaned at a gas processing plant. The by-products, once removed, are used in a number of ways. For example, propane can be used for cooking on gas grills.
Dry natural gas is also known as consumer-grade natural gas. In addition to natural gas production, the U.S. gas supply is increased by imports, withdrawals from storage, and by supplemental gaseous fuels.
Most of the natural gas consumed in the United States is produced in the United States. Some is imported from Canada and shipped to the United States in pipelines. A small amount of natural gas is shipped to the United States as liquefied natural gas (LNG).
We can also use machines called "digesters" that turn today's organic material (plants, animal wastes, etc.) into natural gas. This process replaces waiting for millions of years for the gas to form naturally.
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