Spring 2004Lab Section. Seat

BI 200 - Exam #1AName

Spring 2004Lab Section. Seat#

Disclaimer

Consider each question, and answer each in the appropriate format (e.g., multiple choice). You may qualify your answer if you have reservations. If your comments have merit, you may receive partial or full credit. Questions are 1 point each unless indicated.

Multiple choice - 2 points each.

1. According to the article “Clues to the fiery origin of life”, in general more ancient the origin of the organism,

A) the more heat sensitive the organism will be

B) the higher the temperature at which it is found to thrive

C) the more likely it will be to colonize a new born baby.

D) all of the above

E) none of the above

2. Which of the following would have the highest optimum growth temperature?

A) the bacterium Thermotoga

B) cyanobacterium

C) the archaean Thermoproteus

D) Halophiles

E) plants

3. In which of the environments is one most likely to find a thermophile?

A) the human body

B) a glacier

C) the Great Salt lake

D) Icelandic hot springs

E) a cow’s rumen

4. The isolation of DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus made possible the technique of ______where trillions of copies of DNA can be made from small amounts. This made possible the forensic technique of ______.

A) aseptic technique; enrichment culture

B) enrichment media; chemical evolution

C) polymerase chain reaction; pure cultures

D) polymerase chain reaction; DNA fingerprinting

E) enrichment culture; PCR

5. Which of the following individuals was credited with the discovery of the archaea?

A) Thomas Brock from Wisconsin

B) J. William Schopf from UCLA

C) Norman Pace from Indiana U.

D) Carl Woese from Illinois

E) Louis Pasteur from Southeast Missouri State University

6. Which of the following statements describing the abundance of microbes in and on the human body is true according to the article “Earth’s dominant life form”?

A) at least 400 species begin to set up housekeeping in [a] baby

B) every year each person excretes his or her own body weight in bacteria

C) the number of microbes that colonize the body exceeds the number of cells in the body by tenfold to one-hundredfold.

D) all of the above

E) none of the above

7. Who was the first person to study microorganisms in detail using a microscope?

A) KochB) Lister

C) PasteurD) Von Leeuwenhoek

8. What role does dust play in the swan neck flask experiment?

A) causes spontaneous generation

B) carries microorganisms

C) prevents oxygen from getting in

D) prevents bacteria and mold from getting in

9. What technique did Pasteur need to invent to refute spontaneous generation?

A) aseptic techniqueB) pure culture technique

C) enrichment techniqueD)PCR

10. The first appreciable amounts of O2, 1% of the atmosphere, dates back to ______years ago. An abundance of stromatolites from the period contain fossils resembling ______.

A) 2 billion; cyanobacteria

B) 4.5 billion; Paracoccus

C) 4,000; Linnaeus

D) 1.2 billion; Trilobites

E) none of the above is reasonable

11. The earliest stromatolites, formed 3.4 billion years ago, were probably

A) anoxygenic phototrophs

B) anoxygenic lithotrophs

C) oxygenic phototrophs

D) oxygenic lithotrophs

12. The earliest polymerization reactions were probably ______reactions; and these occurred ______.

A) dehydration /in the atmosphere

B) hydrolysis/on exposed surfaces

C) dehydration /in the open ocean

D) dehydration /on exposed surfaces

13. The earliest RNA probably functioned in

A) catalysis

B) genetic coding

C) both catalysis and genetic coding

D) neither catalysis nor genetic coding

14. The size of the most useful RNA molecule for prokaryotic evolutionary studies is

A) 5S

B) 16S

C) 18S

D) 23S

15. Molecular sequencing suggests that mitochondria arose from a group of prokaryotic organisms that includes the

A) Cyanobacteria

B) Proteobacteria such as Paracoccus

C) Methanogenic bacteria

D) another eukaryote

16. Which statement most closely expresses our present understanding?

A) The chloroplast is a descendent of the cyanobacteria

B) The cyanobacteria are descendents of the chloroplast

C) The chloroplast and the cyanobacteria shared a common ancestor

D) The chloroplast and the cyanobacteria are not closely (or specifically) related

17. The presence of membrane-enclosed organelles is a characteristic of

A) prokaryotic cells. B) eukaryotic cells.

C) all cells. D) viruses.

18. Which of the following are made up of prokaryotic cells?

A) bacteria and fungiB) Archaea and fungi

C) protozoa and animalsD) bacteria and Archaea

19. In relation to eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells are generally

A) larger.

B) smaller.

C) about the same size.

D) There is no general rule about comparative cell size

20. The progenote

A) was most likely a eukaryote

B) was most likely a prokaryote

C) was isolated by Winogradsky

D) is pathogenic

21. An organism that can only live at the bottom of the ocean where sunlight cannot reach is probably a ______and a ______.

A) phototroph; alkaliphile

B) chemotroph; barophile

C) chemotroph; alkaliphile

D) phototroph; barophile

22. A bacterium is found in the Great Salt Lake. It requires high concentrations of salt and sunlight to grow. It is

A) a halophile

B) a chemolithotroph

C) a phototroph

D) a and b

E) a and c

23. Thiobacillus grows by oxidizing S to SO42-, and lives in an environment with pH 2. It is

A) a acidophile

B) a chemolithotroph

C) a heterotroph

D) a and b

E) a and c

24. Green algae get energy from sunlight and carbon from CO2. They are examples of

A) chemoheterotrophs

B) lithoautotrophs

C) photoautotrophs

D) photoheterotrophs

E) photolithotrophs

25. 2 free points.

(5 points) Describe the FIRST stage of chemical evolution. What were some of the small molecules that came together to form monomers and what energy sources were available? Where did this occur? What gas was missing? Give the names of several monomers that resulted. How can this process be demonstrated in the laboratory?

Match the scientist with their contribution to Microbiology. 9 points

_____ KochA) Organic chemist who studied fermentation and food spoilage

_____ PasteurB) Isolated many soil and aquatic microorganisms.

_____ListerC) Study of hot springs bacteria led to better understanding of original life on Earth

_____ FlemingD) Led the sequencing of the human genome

_____ BeijerinckE)Discovered penicillin and lysozyme

_____WinogradskyF. First to make detailed observation of microbes

_____ BrockG. Developed the concept of lithotrophy

_____ van LeuuwenhoekH. Developed pure culture technique

_____ VenterI. Emphasized hygiene to control contagions

What are the four steps or tests a microbe must pass in order for it to be shown to cause a disease? (What are Koch’s postulates?) 4 points

1.

2.

3.

4.

(6 points) Consider the disease Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) that is caused by the Human Immunodefiency Virus (HIV). Considering a) the size of viruses, b) their lack of metabolism, and c) the fact that HIV only infects Human beings, indicate the problems in applying Koch’s postulates by answering the following questions:

A)) How big are viruses? How would you detect them in healthy and sick individuals? Which postulates are affected?

b) Given that viruses require a host, and don’t carry out metabolism, which postulate would be affected and what is the problem?

c) If HIV is lethal and infects only people, which postulate would be affected? What would be the moral problem in fulfilling this postulate?

Any suggestion on how to circumvent these problems would help (but is not required).

Cell Functions

Complete the following narrative by circling the appropriate name or term in each parenthesis so that each sentence is accurate. 1 point each

Single cell microorganisms can be viewed as having two functions: (coding functions, machine functions) involved with the flow of information, and (coding functions, machine functions) involved with energy and synthesis. The information necessary to synthesize a new cell resides in the chromosome, which contains (4 thousand, 4.5 million, 4.5 billion) base pairs of DNA in E) coli. This is enough DNA to code for about (4,000; 400,000; 4.5 *106) genes. The information is past from parent cell to daughter cell by (replication, transcription, translation) of the chromosome, and the enzyme responsible is (DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, the ribosome). Genes are expressed in cells when they are transcribed by (DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, the ribosome), and the resulting mRNA is (transcribed, translated, replicated) by the ribosomE) In eukaryotic cells transcription takes place in the (endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm, nucleus, nuleoid) and the message travels to the ribosome which is associated with the (endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, nucleus, nuleoid). In prokaryotes the both transcription and translation take place in the (endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria).

Fill in the following table with traits of the seven types of microorganisms described in the first two lectures. There is a number in bold face each time a response is required