Quarterly Review 3Rd Quarter

Quarterly Review 3Rd Quarter

Quarterly Review 3rd Quarter

I Sexual vs.Asexual Reproduction

II Cell Reproduction:

a.Definitions

  1. Heredity
  2. Chromosomes (chromatin)
  3. Genes

b.Cell Division

  1. Interphase
  2. Mitosis

a.Prophase

b.Metaphase

c.Anaphase

d.Telophase

c.Differences in Plant and Animal Cell Division

III Asexual Reproduction in Some Plants and Other

Organisms

a.Binary Fission (bacteria)

b.Budding (hydra and yeast)

c.Spore Formation (fungi)

d.Regeneration ( starfish, planaria)

e.Vegetative Propagation

  1. Natural

Bulbs, Tubers, Runners

  1. Artificial

Cuttings, Grafting, Cloning

I Introduction:

  1. Definitions

gamete, hermaphrodite, fertilization

  1. Somatic Cells vs Sex Cells (gametes)

1.Diploid (2n)

2.Haploid/Monoploid (1n)

3.Why is it essential for Gametes to be haploid

4.Homologous Chromosomes

Human = _____pairs

Chimpanzee = ______pairs

Fruit Fly= _____pairs

II Stages of Meiosis (also called Gametogenesis):

a.Why is it also called Reduction Division?

b.Meiosis I

This first division will produce 2 haploid cells, 23 chromosomes (46 chromatids)

  1. Interphase
  2. Prophase I

**synapsis, crossing over**

  1. Metaphase I
  2. Anaphase I
  3. Telophase I

c.Meiosis II

No Interphase

  1. Prophase II
  2. Metaphase II
  3. Anaphase II
  4. Telophase II

III Sexual Reproduction in Some Organisms:

a.Conjugation

b.Gameto/genesis ( Meiosis)

The process by which gametes mature in the gonads of organisms. Male gametes are produced slightly differently than female gametes.

  1. Oogenesis
  2. Spermatogenesis
  3. Zygote Formation

IV Internal Fertilization, External Fertilization, Parthenogenesis

I Introduction:

a.Fertilization

b.Definitions

  1. Growth
  2. Development
  3. Cleavage
  4. Differentiation

II Cleavage (Rapid Mitosis):

a.Morula

b.Blastula

c.Gastrula (Gastrulation)

d.Gastrula Layers

  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm

III External Development:

a.Aquatic

b.Terrestrial (Internal Structure of and Egg)

  1. Shell
  2. Chorion
  3. Amnion
  4. Allantois
  5. Yolk Sac

IV Mammalian Development:

a.Viviparous

  1. Placental Mammals
  2. Marsupial Mammals

b. Oviparous

1. Montremes (Egg Laying Mammals)

c.Some Typical Gestation Times

I Male Reproductive System:

a.Testes (scrotum)

b.Vas Deferens

c.Urethra

d.Prostate Gland

e.Semen

II Female Reproductive System:

a.Ovaries

b.Oviducts

Also called the fallopian tubes

c.Uterus

d.Vagina

III Menstrual Cycle:

a.Follicle Stage

b.Ovulation

c.Corpus Luteum Stage

d.Menstruation

IV Fertilization, Implantion, and Development:

a.Fertilization

b.Implantation and Development

  1. Implantation in Uterus

Placenta, umbilical cord,

*ectopic pregnancy Gestation ( ______)

  1. Labor and Delivery

V Some Modern Techniques:

  1. In-vitro Fertilization

Surrogate Motherhood

VI Laboratory Activities:

  1. Menstrual Cycle (Graphing) Lab

I Human Chromosomes:

a.Number and Type

b.Sex Chromosomes

  1. Determination of Sex in Animals
  2. Thomas Morgan and Fruit Flies (Drosphilia)
  3. Sex Linked Traits in Humans

a.hairy pinna

b.color blindness

c.hemophilia

d.duchene muscular dystrophy

  1. Sex Influenced Traits

c.Gene Linkage

d.Crossing Over

e.Multiple Gene Inheritance

II Nucleic Acids:

a.Nucleotides

b.DNA vs. RNA

III Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA):

a.The Hereditary Material

b.Basis Structure

c.Watson, Crick and Franklin

d.Replication of DNA

e.Gene Expression

f.RNA

IV The Making of a Protein:

a.Transcription in the Nucleus

b.Translation at the Ribosome

  1. MRNA, tRNA, codons and anticondons
  2. One gene-one protein

V Control of Gene Expression

VI Laboratory Activities:

a.Mitosis vs. Meiosis

b.DNA Extraction

c.Karyotype Lab

d.Human Inheritance Lab

I Mutations:

a.Chromosomal

  1. Deletions
  2. Additions
  3. Inversions
  4. Translocations
  5. NonDisjunction
  6. Polyploidy

b.Gene Mutations

Point mutations

c.Mutagens

II Human Genetic Diseases:

e.Sex Linked:

Hemophilia, Colorblindness,Duchene muscular dystrophy

f.Autosomal Recessive Disorders:

Sickle Cell Anemia, Phenylketonuria (PKU), Tay-Sachs, Cystic Fibrosis

c.Autosomal Dominant Disorders:

Huntington’s, Marfan Syndrome

d.Chromosomal Abnormalities:

Down Syndrome, Turner Syndrome, Klinefelter

Syndrome

III Detecting Genetic Disorders:

a.Genetic Counseling

Pedigree Analysis

b.Ultrasound

c.Amniocentesis

Karyotyping

d. Chorionic Villus Sampling

e.Fetoscopy

IV Genetic Engineering, Artificial Selection, Cloning

a.Restriction enzyme

b.Plasmid

c.Recombinant DNA

d.How these techniques benefit humans (ex. Insulin production, crops, etc).

V Laboratory Activities:

a. Gel Electrophoresis

b. Protein Synthesis/Mutation Activity

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