Phonetic Content/Handwriting

Riggs' Content

What We Teach

Phonetic Content/Handwriting:

Instruction begins by teaching the sound(s) of, and letter formation for (manuscript writing), the 71 "Orton" phonograms [a phonogram is a letter or combination of letters which stands for one sound in a given word OR a phonogram is a combination of phoneme and grapheme] which are the commonly-used correct spelling patterns for the 42 elementary sounds of English speech.
Most English-speaking children can say these sounds and put them in some 4000 to 24,000 words which they use in oral sentences that they comprehend before they enter grade one.1.

1. Seashore, Robert H. Journal of Educational Psychology, Volume 31, January, 1940, pages 14 through 38.

The purpose for teaching the sound/symbol relationships first, in isolation, without key words or pictures (this is "explicit" phonics), is to give students, quickly, the information they need to spell and write, correctly, what they can already hear, say, and comprehend orally! There are 118 combinations in the following chart which, for this illustration, show "key" words to demonstrate the sound(s) of each letter or letter combination taught. The key words are for the teacher's use only in determining the correct sound(s) for this initial instruction.

71 REVISED "ORTON" PHONOGRAMS FOR CORRECT SPELLING
[bring the Orton orthographic spelling system into closer compliance with Merriam-Webster's 10th Collegiate Edition, and render almost any text "decodable"]

GLOSSARY AS USED IN THIS METHOD OF INSTRUCTION:

• Phonogram - Is a combination of phoneme and grapheme. When these phonograms are spoken, they are phonemes; when they are written, they are graphemes.
• Phoneme (sound) - An elementary sound of English speech.
• "Elementary" Sound - One which cannot be further divided (these are never blends such as str, bl, or nd which simply combine two or more elementary sounds).
• Grapheme (letter/s) - A written symbol (letter or letters) which represents a phoneme on paper, i.e., the phoneme /oo/ is commonly written with food, do, dew, due, fruit, through, you, shoe, neutral, two, lieu view graphemes

The following consonant phonograms were FORMERLY taught in most basal reading methods though they were not taught "explicitly" as compiled research (BNR) has recommended since 1985. In this method, two sounds for the consonants c, g and s are taught immediately and q is taught with u with which it is always used. Only the sound/s (phonemes) are dictated as the letters (graphemes) for them are written; students SEE, HEAR, SAY, and WRITE these phonograms (letter/sound combinations) using multi-sensory instruction to address all "learning styles"; the key words shown here are for the teacher to determine the correct sounds only. Key words, pictures, upper case letters and letter names are never used to teach "explicit" phonics:

b (bat) c (cat, cent) d (dog) f (fed) g (got, gentle)

h (hot) j (jog) k (keg) l (lid) m (mop)

n (no) p (put) qu (quit) r (run) s (sit, days)

t (top) v (vase) w (wag) x (box) y (yet) z (zip)

Next are the vowels. The multiple phonemes (sounds) as shown in the key words are taught immediately and together, i.e., the letter a becomes aah, long a, ah and aw. Generally, the sounds of all of the phonograms are taught in the order of their frequency of use in English. The third sound of i and the third and fourth sounds of a, o and u are needed early for both spelling and reading of simple words. Note: Vowel y sometimes takes the place of i for spelling, and is used as both a vowel and a consonant:

a (at, ate, want, talk) e (end, we) i (it, silent, radio)

o (dot, open, do, cost u (up, music, blue, put)

y (myth, my, baby)

These common combinations are not consistently taught in most methods though they are needed for correct spelling. Very often the letter, "r" is taught as "er" or "ruh" which is incorrect. Spelling errors, poor auditory discrimination/processing and impaired phonemic awareness are already common, but seriously deteriorate with any mis-teaching of the 42 elementary phonemes as they are taught. Our digital audio tape or audio CD provides insurance against such mis-teaching. The key wordsaretaught only with this group since it is the only way to designate which grapheme is meant:

er [the er of] (her) ur (nurse) ir (first) or (works)

ear (early) oa (boat) oe (toe)

This grouping is taught in pairs (top to bottom listing) to illustrate their uses for spelling:

ay(pay)oy (boy)aw(law)ew (grew,few) ey(they,key)

[used at the end of words]

ai(paid)oi(boil)au(fault)eu(neutral,feud) ei (veil, receive)

[not used at the end of words]

The common spellings of sounds - "sh" and "zh" - are taught before the tenth week of instruction in this method:

sh [used at the beginning of a word (shut), at the end of a syllable (push) but not at the beginning of most syllables after the first one (na tion) except for the ending "ship." (friendship).]

ti (nation) si (session,vision) ci (special) [all used to spell "sh" or "zh" (session, equation) at the beginning of any syllable after the first one].

The next group are 2, 3 and 4-letter spellings of sounds more commonly represented by only one letter. Children can fail to learn to read or spell because they don't know these very commonly used alternate spelling patterns:

ck (neck) 2-letter "k"

dge (badge) 3-letter "j" tch (catch) 3-letter "ch"

[all used after a single vowel which says the short sound

of a, e, i, o, u.]

kn (knee) 2-letter "n" [used to begin a word] gn(reign,gnaw)

[used to begin & end a word]

ee (feel) e - double e says "e"

igh (high) 3-letter "i" eigh (eight) 4-letter "a" wr (write)

2-letter "r" ph (phone) 2-letter "f"

These phonograms are rarely taught and practiced but are essential phonetic information for accurate spelling and fluent reading. Again, each sound is illustrated here in the order of its frequency of use, using this spelling pattern, in English words.

ow (now,low) ou (out,four,you,country) ch (chin,school,chef)

ng (ring) ea (eat,head,break)

wh (when) ed (started,loved,missed) ie (field,pie)

ar (far) oo (boot,foot,floor) ui (fruit, guide, build)

or (for) th (think,this)

ough(though,through,rough,cough,thought,bough)

NOTE:TO ORDER THESE PHONOGRAM CARDS, the AUDIO CD and the SELF TRAINING TAPE, with which you can accurately teach these sound/symbol relationships to students of any age or virtually any ability, click on "Catalog" on the link bar on this same page or on our home page (these items are shown on the first and second pages in our catalog). They teach critical information -- the unknown symbols (letter/s) for the known sounds (phonemes) children have been using in conversation since they learned to speak. We say "k" "aah" "t," for "cat" -- not "see-a-tee."

Primary children learn the first 55 of these phonograms in the first 3 weeks of instruction at the rate of 4 per day.

They learn listening, auditory discrimination and processing, letter formation, spacing, margins, directionality, linear eye movements, spatial relationships, etc. simultaneously.

The method moves logically and directly from the "known" sounds to teaching the "unknown" symbols which represent them in print. Consonant blends (i.e., bl, str, nd) are taught through the spelling and blending process only, not as isolated phonograms. The multiple-letter phonograms (i.e., au, oi, ew) either form a new sound by having been combined OR they represent a sound more commonly spelled with one letter (i.e., wr, ph, dge).

All of these direct sound/symbol relationships are firmly established in the first 9 weeks of instruction - a period of "reading and writing readiness." Letter names, key words, pictures and capital letter formation are not taught in initial instruction because they tend to slow the automaticity needed in the direct "sound-to-symbol" response needed for both fluent writing/spelling and reading. Consonant names are never heard in speech, the vowels only about 1/3 of the time, and the great majority of book print is in lower case. Both letter names and upper case letter formation are learned a little later for dictionary work and for composition.

Margins and spacing, as well as letter formation which prevents or corrects early tendencies to reversals, are taught with the sound/s using oral dictation [the graphemic symbol/s (letter/s) are united with the sounds immediately], dotted-line paper and 8 checkpoints."

Instructions for the teacher are on the backs of the phonogram cards as in the examples shown here:

You will note, too, that the student/teacher dialogue really "forces" the use of multi-sensory instruction. Students also develop cognition in auditory and visual discrimination, learn to listen intently, to process oral information and act upon it, and to speak precisely. Visually, they practice to distinguish shape, form and configuration through print comparisons -- a critical need for about 30% of students who begin school with limited "visual or perceptual" abilities (possibly inborn much as color blindness or tone deafness is). Additional auditory, visual, verbal, visual motor and tactile cognitive sub-skills such as directionality, linear eye movements, spatial relationships, sequencing, attention, memory, closure, articulation, tone and rhythm are also carefully developed through the process by which we teach these phonograms.
The "learned" phonograms are then applied in written spelling through a Socratic and dictation process using 47 spelling, syllabication, plural, apostrophe and capitalization rules of the language using teacher "modeled" sentences for immediate applications in context, vocabulary and comprehension. The 47 rules follow:

47 SPELLING, PLURAL, SYLLABICATION, CAPITALIZATION AND APOSTROPHE RULES

CONSONANT RULES:

1. The letter q is always followed by the letter u, and we say "kw." [quiet]
2. /c/ before e, i or y says ‘s.' [chance, icing, icy]
3. /g/ before e, i or y may say ‘j.' [germ, giant, gym]
4. We often double l, f and s following a single vowel at the end of a one-syllable word. [ball, off, miss]
5. Two-letter ‘k' (ck) is used only after a single vowel which says short ‘a' - ‘e' - ‘i' - ‘o' - ‘u' [pack, peck, pick, pock, puck]
6. Three-letter j (dge) is used only after a single vowel which says short ‘a' - ‘e' - ‘i' - ‘o' - ‘u' [badge, ledge, ridge, lodge, fudge]
7. The letter z, never s, is used to say ‘z' at the beginning of a base word. [zoo]
8. The letter s never follows x.
9. Double consonants within words of more than one syllable should both be sounded for spelling. [hap py]
10. s-h is used to say ‘sh' at the beginning of a word, at the end of a syllable, but not at the beginning of most syllables after the first one except for the ending ship. [she, wish, friendship]
11. t-i, s-i, and c-i are used to say ‘sh' at the beginning of any syllable after the first one. [nation, mansion, facial]
12. s-i is used to say ‘sh' when the syllable before it [session] or the base word ends in an -s [tense/tension]; s-i can say its voiced ‘zh' sound when s is between two vowels. [vision]

VOWEL RULES:

1. Vowels a, e, o, u usually say long ‘a' - ‘e' - ‘o' - ‘u' at the end of a syllable. [pa per, be gin, o pen, u nit]
2. Vowels i and o may say long ‘i' and ‘o' when followed by two consonants. [find, old]
3. Vowels i and y may say ‘i' at the end of a syllable [fam i ly, bi cy cle], but usually say ‘i' or ‘e' [pi an o, ba by, by, fi nal]
4. Vowel y, not i, is used at the end of English words. [by, guy]
5. Base words do not end with the letter a saying long ‘a' (except for the article a); a-y is used most often. [play]
6. o-r may say ‘er' when w comes before the o-r. [works]
7. We use ei after c [receipt], if we say long a [veil], and in some exceptions. [neither, foreign, sovereign, seized, counterfeit, forfeited, leisure, either, weird, heifer, protein, height, feisty, stein, weir, seismograph, sheik, kaleidoscope, Geiger counter, etc.] This is not an exhaustive list of exceptions.
8. Silent final e's:
9. Job 1. Silent final e lets the vowel say its name. [time]
10. Job 2. English words do not end with v or u. [have, value]
11. Job 3. Silent final e lets c and g say their second sounds. [chance, charge]
12. Job 4. English syllables must have a written vowel. [ta ble]
13. Job 5. No job e [none of the above, e.g., are, horse]

AFFIX RULES:

1. All, till and full are usually written with one l when added to another syllable. [almost, until, careful]
2. The past tense ending e-d says ‘d' or ‘t' after words that do not end with d or t [warmed, baked]; otherwise e-d forms a second syllable. [grad ed]
3. Final y is changed to i before a suffix that does not begin with i. [cry, cried, cry ing]
4. When adding a consonant suffix, silent final e words usually keep the e [safe ty, shame less, move ment], but not always. [wis dom, tru ly, ninth]
5. When adding a vowel suffix, silent final e words are written without the e. [time, timing]
6. When adding a vowel suffix to a one-syllable word ending with one short vowel and one consonant [hop], double the final consonant. [hopping]
7. When adding a vowel suffix to a two-syllable word ending with one short vowel and one consonant, double the final consonant if the accent is on the last syllable [admit´, admitted] unless the suffix throws the accent back to the first syllable. [refer3, referred, ref´er ence; confer´, conferred, con´ fer ence]
8. When prefixes dis, mis and un are added to root words beginning with the same letter with which the prefix ends, this letter will be doubled. [unnecessary, dissolve, misspell]

PLURAL RULES:

1. The plural of most nouns is formed by adding s. [boys, cages, horses]
2. Nouns ending with the sounds of s, x, z, ch, sh or 'j' form their plurals by adding e-s. [fox es, bush es, boss es]
3. Nouns ending in y after a vowel form their plurals by adding s. [mon key/mon keys]
4. Nouns ending in y after a consonant form their plurals by changing y to i and adding e-s. [pup py/pup pies]
5. Nouns ending in o after a vowel form their plurals by adding s. [pa ti o / pa ti os]
6. Nouns ending in o after a consonant usually form their plurals by adding e-s [he ro/he roes] B except some musical terms. [pi an o/pi an os]
7. Most nouns ending in f and f-e form their plurals by adding s [belief / beliefs]; some change f to v and add e-s. [wolf /wolves, wife /wives]
8. Most verbs form their third person, present, singular as if they were nouns becoming plurals. [cuts, raises, dresses, fixes, fizzes, catches, pushes, plays, carries, goes]

SYLLABICATION RULES:

1. A one-syllable word is never divided. [boat, good, knelt]
2. A compound word is divided between the words that make the compound word. [shot gun, sun set, air plane]
3. Divide between two consonants [hap py, per haps] unless the consonants form a digraph and are sounded together. [ma chine, e le phant]
4. When a word has an affix, it is divided between the root and the affix. [re run, soft ness, cry ing]
5. When a single consonant comes between two vowels, it is usually divided after the consonant if the first vowel is short. [clev er, lem on, rob in]
6. When a single consonant comes between two vowels or vowel sounds, it is usually divided before the consonant if the first vowel is long. [mu sic, po lite, pa per]
7. Divide between two vowels when they are sounded separately. [di et, cru el]
   43. Vowels that are sounded alone form their own syllable. [dis o bey, a live, u ni form]
8. When a word ends in l-e preceded by a consonant, divide before the consonant. [tur tle, ca ble, this tle]

CAPITAL LETTER & APOSTROPHE RULES:

1. Capitalize words which are the individual names or titles of people, of places, of books, of days and months, etc. [Bill, Chief Sitting Bull, New York, Amazon River, Call of the Wild, Sunday, June]
2. An apostrophe takes the place of missing letters in a contraction. [it is/it's; she is/she's; cannot/can't]
3. An apostrophe shows ownership or possession [Mary's coat, boys' coats], but is never used with any possessive pronouns. [my, mine, yours, his, hers, ours, theirs, its, whose]

SOUND KEY -- HOW TO PRONOUNCE THE RULES

1. Say all sounds of phonograms written between forward slashes /o/.
2. Say names of single or hyphenated letters shown in bold (l, f, s; s-i, l-e).
3. Say the sound of phonograms within quotation marks ("ck"), with mnemonic markings, or with diacritical dictionary markings (with or without quotation marks).
4. Do not say anything shown in brackets [dge; cry crying] when teaching the rules. These are illustration words for the teacher's use only.
5. Do not teach rule numbers to students; they must articulate the rule itself as each is applied in dictated spelling, reading, blending and decoding lessons.

© 1999 Myrna T. McCulloch

The rules are most effectively taught when the phonograms are applied, sound by sound, in written, dictated spelling lessons - not by rote memorization. Students learn the "process" of analysis and thinking simultaneously and with appropriate repetition until the concept is mastered.

Syllabication: Students are taught, through dictation only (no copying), first to say the word, break it into syllables, and write (or encode) it from the spoken sounds (spell). They dictate (or recode) it back to the teacher in the same manner as she/he writes it on a board (or overhead transparency). They compare it "visually" to what they have written; rules and markings are applied together, then the students sound it again (decode), blend it, and begin to read the 2500 most commonly used English words

The mnemonic marking system used enables students to automatically see whole words through these "sounded" spelling patterns (not merely individual letter sounds) which is critical for fluency in reading - the primary prerequisite for comprehension.