Muscle Review

This is an excellent review…some of this requires deeper thought than just straight memorization or copying from the text. A few of these we have yet to discuss however your text does cover all of these concepts. Take your time; you may work with your partner at your desk. We will answer ALL of this together in class as the review. This grade will probably be worth 200 pts.

Give an example of each principle: (2pts each for a total of 6pts)
Muscles work in pairs. All muscles work in pairs to provide movement and stability to the areas they affect. The pairs are located opposite to one another. For example, there are muscles in the front of the shoulders that bring them closer toward the center of the body.. There are also muscles on the back of the shoulder that open the shoulders away from one another, often providing a good stretch.
Muscles that move a part don’t lie on it. The quad muscles areresponsible for moving or extending the knee, your bicep muscle actually moves your ulna and radius.
The Tension of the muscle depends on the load.

In isotonic contractions muscle lengths changes and moves a load. Once sufficient tension has developed to move the load, the tension remains relatively constant through the rest of the contractile period. It only works as hard as the load mandates.

Name and explain the principal of warm up. (4pts)Treppe: The Staircase Effect. When a muscle begins to contract after a long period of rest, its initial contractions may be only half as strong as those that occur later in response to stimuli of the same strength. As the muscle begins to work and liberates heat, its enzymes become more efficient and the muscles becomes more pliable. This along with increasing of Ca to initiate more active sites on the filaments.

Situation: I’m playing basketball and after running up and down the court for 10 minutes I am weak and breathing very hard. The coach put me on the bench and in 3 minutes I am fine and ready to go back in. Use the following terms and explain the situation! Oxygen dept, Fatigue, Lactic Acid, and ATP (4pts)

While running you immediately begin to use ATP’s and oxygen. As you deplete these two resources your body and muscles begin to fatigue. Muscle fatigue can be mental( Psychological Fatigue) which can be overcome and regular muscle fatigue which because of the lack of ATP’s causes a build up of Lactic Acid in the muscles---muscle contractions become weaker and weaker. By “resting” your body begins to rebuild the oxygen debt which includes conversion of lactic acid to glucose, replenish ATP’s , replenish O2 stores in lungs, blood, and muscle as well as replenish creatinephosphate stores.

What are the changes in the muscles with aging that makes older people so weak? (4pts)As we age, the amount of connective tissue in our skeletal muscles increases, the number of muscle fibers decreases, and themuscles become stringier, or more sinewy. Even by the age of 30 a gradual loss of muscle mass called sarcopenia begins to occur as muscles proteins start to degrade more rapidly than they can be replaced.

Why is it important to do both isotonic and isometric training? (4pts)

In isotonic contractions, the muscle contracts and shortens, giving movement. Nearly all the training you do is isotonic.Advantages includeStrengthens a muscle throughout the range of movement. You can choose isotonic exercises to match the actions in your sport. DisadvantagesCan make muscles sore, because of stress while they lengthen. The muscle gains most strength at the weakest point of the action, rather than evenly throughout.

In isometric contractions, the muscle contracts but does not shorten, giving no movement. Advantages…Isometric exercises develop static strength - the strength you need to push or pull a heavy object or hold it up. They are quick to do and don't hurt. They do not need expensive equipment. You can do them anywhere. DisadvantagesThe muscle gains strength only at the angle you use in the exercise. During an exercise, the blood flow to the muscle stops, blood pressure rises, and less blood flows back to the heart. It could be dangerous if you have heart problems.

Muscular Dystrophy is one of the most devastating muscular diseases and it has no cure at the present time. Describe a young man with this disease. (6pts)
How did he get it?
What are his symptoms?
How is it treated?

It is a sex-linked inherited recessive disease. He inherited it from his mother. The affected muscles initially enlarge due to fat and connective tissue deposit, but the muscle fibers atrophy and degenerate. The disease progresses relentlessly from the extremities upward, finally affecting the head and chest muscles and cardiac muscles of the heart. No cure, steroid prednisone, promising technique myoblasttransfer therapy

Tendon connect muscles to bone; _Aponeurosisattach muscles to muscles (or bone). (remember ligaments are bone to bone to form joints)(4pts)
When muscles contract, they pull on a _tendon__, which pulls on _bones_ and causes our limbs to move. (4pts)
Muscles can _pull_ but they cannot __push__ (4pts)

Name the three sheath layers and what they cover that are associated with the structure of skeletal muscles. (6pts)

Endomysium- surrounds each muscle fiber

Perimysium- surrounds each fascicies

Epimysium- surrounds the entire muscle

Put the following in the correct order from least to most specific.
Sacromere, fascile, myofibril, muscle, myofilament, muscle fiber (cell)

Muscle, Fascile, Muscle fiber (cell), Myofibril, Sarcomere, and Myofilament. (6pts)

Use the following a give a short description of how muscles contract.(10pts)

Neuromuscular junction (synapse)

AcetylcholineElectrical Impulses

CalciumATP

Actin and MyosinContracts

TroponinRelaxes

When you want to move, electrical impulses come from the brain, down through the spinal cord and are transmitted through the motor nerves to the muscles.

At the Neuromuscular junction between the nerve end and the muscle (the motor end plate), chemical signals are released from the nerve endings. (acetylcholine). This binds to a key on the surface of the muscle (the receptor)

The binding of this chemical to the receptor causes calcium to enter the muscle cell, and this enable the troponin proteins to move the myosin up the actin molecule.

This causes the functional unit, the sarcomere, to shorten and when several of these shorten along the length of the fibre, the muscle as a whole contracts and shortens.

To release the bond between actin and myosin needs energy in the form of ATP’sto shorten the muscle further or to cause it to relax.

When the signal for contraction ends, the calcium is pumped back into the sacroplasmic reticulum and the muscle relaxes.

Indirect__ This is the most common form of attachment for muscles because of the durability of tendons.(1pt)
During contractions the moveable bone is referred to as _insertion__(1pt)
List 4 functions of muscles (4pts)
Produce Movementb. Maintain Posture

c. Stabilizing Jointsd. Generating Heat

List 4 characteristics of muscles (4pts)
Excitabilityb. Extensibility

c. Contractilityd. Elasticity

_Calcium/Troponin____ found in the thin filaments are the molecular switches that control the interaction of actin and myosin during a muscle contraction. (1pt)
Of the two types of muscles contractions __Isotonic____ are actually responsible for movement of the load. (1pt)
ATP’s are produced in greater number during Aerobic or Anaerobic Respiration? (1pt)
What is an ATP molecule? Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) Energy-storing molecule(1pt)
When our body work in Anaerobic environments what will begin to build up in our bloodstream and accumulates in the muscles. __Lactic Acid__(1pt)
Define muscle fatigueis the result when ATP is used for muscle contraction faster than can be produced by muscle fibers and lactic acid builds up faster than can be removed- muscle contractions become weaker and weaker. (2pts)

List 4 ways that muscles could obtain their names.(4pts)

Location,
Shape
Size
Direction of Muscle Fiber
Number of Origins
Location of Attachment
Action of the muscle.

List the 4 quadriceps muscles. What are the quadriceps functions? How are you going to tell the difference between the three that you have to know?(5pts)

Rectus Femoris, Vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius .

Bend knee

List the 3 hamstring muscles. What are the hamstrings functions? How are you going to tell the difference between the three that you have to know?(4pts)

Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus (lateral) and Semimembranosus(medial). Flexes and rotates the leg medially and extends the thigh. The Biceps Femoris is the largest of the three and it rotates or twist as it go from ischium to the lateral side of the femur.

Your body needs to always have an Oxygen Dept…list 2 or the 4 things that must occur before your body can return to a resting state after exercise has occurred. (2pts)

Oxygen reserves must be replenished
Lactic acid must be converted to pyruvic acids
Glycogen stores must be replaced
ATP and CP reserves must be resynthesized.

What is the difference between the following functional muscle groups? Prime Mover, Antagonists, Synergist and Fixators.(4pts)

Prime Mover is the muscle that provides the major force for producing a specific movement

Antagonists- muscles that oppose or reverse a particular movement

Synergist- help prime movers by adding extra force, reducing unnecessary movements

Fixators- Holds body parts in proper position for the action of other muscles

What are the three types of muscles? (3pts)Smooth, Skeletal, and Cardiac

What percent of energy released is actually useful as work? Where does the remaining percent go?(2pts)40% remaining amount is used as work 60% is given off as heat.

What do adductor muscles do? What do abductor muscles do?(2pts)

Adductors muscles pull body parts back toward the midline of the body

while abductor take them away.

Which muscles is this???(25pts)

_Fibularis longus_Supports arch in the foot.
_Pectoralis MajorThick fan-shaped muscle in the upper chest.
_Glut. Max.___Largest muscle.
_Zygomaticus___raises corner of mouth when smiling.
_Frontalis_____wrinkles forehead.
_Triceps_____only muscle in the back of the arm.
_Semimembranosus__most medial of the hamstring muscles.
Serratus Anteriora muscle in the torso that enable you to push.
_Platysma______the frowner.
_Brachialis______beneath biceps brachii.
_Gracilis______a long strap like muscle that passes from the

pubic bone to the tibia.

42. Rectus Abdominis __Long strap like muscle that connects the pubicbones to theribs and sternum.

43. Rectus Femoris_occupies the front and sides of the thigh

and is the primary extensor of the knee.

44. _Infraspinatus Occupies the depression below the spine of the

scapula on its posterior surface, attaches the scapula to the

humorous, helps hold humeral head in glenoid cavity of scapula.

45. _Orbicularis Oris kissing muscle

46. 47.

Gluteus MaximusDeltoid

48. 49.

Rectus AbdominisSerratus Anterior

51. 52.

Infraspinatus Adductor Longus

53. 54.

This is the deepest muscle in the calf?

SoleusExtensor Digitorium

55. 56.

PlatysmaSternocleidomastoid