Harvard Referencing Style

Harvard Referencing Style:

In-text Citations answers

The 2007 floods were “different in scale and type” (Environment Agency, 2007, p. 4) as compared to other flood events, in that two-thirds of the flooding was from surface water in urban areas and not from rivers or the sea (Environment Agency, 2007). Traditionally, government flood policy has been based on river and coastal flooding (DEFRA, 2009). There is some evidence to suggest that the issue of surface water flooding is not adequately catered for in current government policy. It seems that no single government agency currently has responsibility for surface water flooding either at the local or national level (DEFRA, 2009; Pitt, 2008; Environment Agency, 2007). There is also no systematic monitoring of ground water levels and there are no risk maps of the areas most vulnerable to surface water flooding (Pitt, 2008).

Bibliography (end of your work)

DEFRA. 2007. Summer 2007 flood review. [Online]. [Accessed 21September 2011]. Available from:

Environment Agency. 2007. Summer floods review. [Online]. [Accessed 21September 2011]. Available from :

Pitt, M. 2008. The Pitt review: learning lessons from the 2007 floods. [Online]. [Accessed 28 January 2009]. Available from:

Question 1:

ANSWER A: Add a citation after the quote to the source of this information, so (Environment Agency, 2007, p. 4)

If you are quoting directly from the text you should include the page number where the quotation can be found. This will make it easier for the reader to locate the quote quickly in the original source.

Question 2:

ANSWER A: Add a citation to the source of this information, so (Environment Agency, 2007, p.4)

The Harvard referencing style does not require titles to be included within text citations; author name and year must be included. Include page numbers when you are quoting directly, paraphrasing from or referring to a specific part of the source e.g. statistics. Full details of the source must be included in the bibliography at the end of your assignment, so that the reader can look up the source if they wish to.

Question 3:

ANSWER B: Add a citation to the source of this information, so (2009)

As the authors name appears naturally in the text you only need to include the date of publication in brackets. You do not need to repeat the author’s name. If, after careful checking, you cannot identify a publication date for a particular source you can cite it as follows: (no date) or if the name does not appear naturally in the text (DEFRA no date).

Question 4:

ANSWER A: Add citations in the text to all of these, so (DEFRA, 2009; Pitt, 2008; Environment Agency, 2007)

If you refer to two or more sources at the same time, these can be cited together. The authors and dates of the sources are placed inside one pair of brackets, in date order with the most recent first. All the sources which support your writing should be quoted at the appropriate points in your work; this is an important part of avoiding plagiarism.

Question 5:

ANSWER A: This source is available on the web; add a text citation providing the author and date, so: (Pitt, 2008)

Web-based resources should be treated like any other source for referencing, so they are identified in the text by their author and date of publication. The title or web address should not be included in the text, but must appear in the bibliography in the correct format. Many web pages do not have a specific named author; if this is the case the organisation which runs the site (e.g. the Environment Agency) is taken to be the author.