For Textbook Chapters, Please Refer to Your Syllabus

Final Exam Topic Sheet – AP Biology

For textbook chapters, please refer to your syllabus.

Remember that this is just a topic list – a list of major ideas. It is important to know the details of these major concepts. This list may not be all-inclusive.

I suggest writing all that you know about each of these topics from memory. Then go back to your notes and see what else you can add. If you have any questions, please let me know. Happy studying!

10: DNA - Discovery of DNA as hereditary material – scientists and associated experiments

Structure of DNA and RNA, base pairing

DNA / RNA processes (details)– replication, transcription, post transcriptional modification, translation – enzymes associated

Transposons, snRNPs, inducers, exons

Operons – repressible, inducible

10: Evolution – analogous, homologous, vestigial structures –

Genetic drift – founder and bottleneck effects

Gene frequency – Hardy Weinberg equilibrium – know equation, characteristics

Types of isolation/barriers to reproduction – temporal, behavioral, etc.

Natural selection, hybrid inviability, prezygotic isolation, hybrid sterility

Scientists associated with evolution and accomplishments – Malthus, Darwin, Lyell, Lamarck

Neutral variation, polymorphism

Speciation – allopatric, sympatric

Selection – stabilizing, directional disruptive

Frequency dependent selection, heterozygote advantage

6: Mitosis, meiosis, chromosomes

Synapsis, translocation, chiasmata, cytokinesis, Centromere, chromatid, chromatin, etc.

Purpose and Phases of mitosis/meiosis and events in each

6: Genetics

Genotypes, phenotypes – homozygous, heterozygous, recessive, dominant, ratios

Sex-linked, sex-influenced, epistasis, multiple alleles

Monohybrid, Dihybrid

P, F1, F2 – typical results for different kinds of crosses – probability

Chi-square – calculation and analysis

Anatomy

2: Skin – layers – stratum basale, stratum corneum, stratum granulosum

Subcutaneous, sebaceous, follicle

7: Muscles – myofilament, myofibril, myosin, myofiber, fascicle, perimysium, endomysium, epimysium, sarcomere, tetanus, lactic acid/fatigue/soreness

Sliding filament theory – actin, myosin, A band, H zone, I band

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle characteristics

9: Identification – know muscles of chest and back, arm and legs

10: Digestion and nutrition – locations where/how biomolecules are typically broken down

Organs that secrete different digestive enzymes/juices

Enzymes and biomolecules

What happens in each organ – (function)

Glycogenesis

Liver, bile, feces color

Protein vs. Starch digestion

16: Circulation – open vs. closed – general characteristics

Parts of blood, solid and liquid, and characteristics/ functions of parts

Clotting – fibrinogen

Blood vessels

EKG – what’s happening in each phase, pressure, valves

Diastole, systole

Major Arteries, veins, anatomy/physiology of heart

5: Internal defense

Nonspecific vs. specific

Antibody anatomy

Active vs. passive – artificially vs. naturally acquired

Anaphylaxis

14: Nervous System

Anatomy/physiology of a neuron, brain

Types of neurons

CNS – brain, spinal cord, meninges, pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater

Cranial nerves

Neuroglia, gray matter, white matter

Reflex arc – components

Sympathetic nervous system, parasympathetic nervous system

5: Excretion

Kidneys – processes for Reabsorption – diffusion

Path of exit from body – renal pelvis, ureter, bladder, urethra

Functional unit of kidney – nephrons

Functions of kidney – tubular secretion, filtration, reabsorption

Convoluted tubules – return substances to blood