Cell Organelles

A. Cell Theory

1. …………………………………………………………………………………………...

2. …………………………………………………………………………………………...

……………….à………………à……………….à…………………..à………………

3. …………………………………………………………………………………………...

B. Microscopes -………………………………………………………………………………….

(Micro=small; scope=to see)

1. Compound Light Microscope

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………

b. ……………………………………………………………………………………

2. Electron Microscope

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………

b. ……………………………………………………………………………………

c. ……………………………………………………………………………………

3. Stereoscope

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………

Remember: Total magnification = …………………………………………………….

C. Types of Cells

1. Prokaryotic cells (primitive, simpler):

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………

b. ……………………………………………………………………………………

c. ……………………………………………………………………………………

d. Kingdoms: ………………………………………………………………………

e. Structure:

1. Cell wall: …………………………………………………………………

2. Capsule: ……………………………………………………………..……

3. Flagella: …………………………………………………….……………

4. Plasma membrane: ………………………………………… .………….

…………………………………………………………………

5. Cytoplasm: ………………………………………………………………

6. Ribosomes: …………………………………………………..…………..

7. Nucleoid region: …………………………………………………………

8. Plasmid: ……………………………………………………..……………

9. Pili: …………………………………………………………..…………..

10. Drawing:

2. Eukaryotic cells (larger, more complex):

a.  Examples: ………………………………………………………………………..

b.  ……………………………………………………………………………………

c.  ……………………………………………………………………………………

D. Eukaryotic Cell Organelles

1. Plasma (cell) Membrane:

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………

b. ……………………………………………………………………………………

c. ……………………………………………………………………………………

2. Cell Wall:

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………

b. ……………………………………………………………………………………

c. ……………………………………………………………………………………

d. Found in : …………………………………………………………………………

3. Nucleus:

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………

b. ……………………………………………………………………………………

i. ………………………………………………………………………………

ii. …………………………………………………………………………….

c. Found in: …………………………………………………………………………

4. Nucleolus:

a. …………………………………………………………………………………

b. ……………………………………………………………………………………

c. Found in: …………………………………………………………………………

5. Cytoplasm:

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………

b. Found in: …………………………………………………………………………

6. Ribosomes:

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………

b. ……………………………………………………………………………………

c. ……………………………………………………………………………………

d. Found in: …………………………………………………………………………

7. ER (endoplasmic reticulum):

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………

i. Rough ER—………………………………………………………………

ii. Smooth ER—………………………………………………………………

b. Found in: …………………………………………………………………………

8. Golgi Apparatus (complex):

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………

b. ……………………………………………………………………………………

c. ……………………………………………………………………………………

d. ……………………………………………………………………………………

e. Found in: …………………………………………………………………………

9. Mitochondria

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………

b. ……………………………………………………………………………………

c. Cristae — ……………………………………………………………………..…

d. Found in: …………………………………………………………………………

10. Vacuole:

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………

b. ……………………………………………………………………………………

c. Found in: …………………………………………………………………………

11. Lysosome:

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………


b. Found in: …………………………………………………………………………

12. Chloroplast:

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………

b. ……………………………………………………………………………………

c. ……………………………………………………………………………………

d. Found in: …………………………………………………………………………

13. Centriole:

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………

b/ Found in: …………………………………………………………………………

14. Cytoskeleton:

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………

b. ……………………………………………………………………………………

c. Found in: …………………………………………………………………………

15. Cilia:

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………

b. ……………………………………………………………………………………

c. Found in: …………………………………………………………………………

16. Flagella:

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………

b. ……………………………………………………………………………………

c. Found in: …………………………………………………………………………

17. Contractile Vacuole:

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………

b. Found in: …………………………………………………………………………

18. Eyespot:

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………

b. Found in: …………………………………………………………………………

19. Pseudopod (Pseudo=false; pod=foot):

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………

b. ……………………………………………………………………………………

c. Found in: …………………………………………………………………………

E. Cell Size – Why are cells small? – 3 reasons:

1. Surface Area (provides) to Volume Ratio (needs):

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………

*Represents what the cell ……………………

b. ……………………………………………………………………………………

*Represents what the cell ………………….

c. ……………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………

d. ……………………………………………………………………………………

2.  Diffusion: ………………………………………………………………………………

a. ……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

3. DNA: …………………………………………………………………………………

F. Development of multicellular eukaryotes includes differentiation of cells into tissues and

organs

1. Stem cells: ………………………………………………………………………………

a. Embryonic stem cells—…………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………

b. Adult stem cells—………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………

2. Chemical Signals: ……………………………………………………………………

3. Differentiation: ………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………

G. Comparison of Structure and Function (among various cell types) Note: As an embryo develops, it’s cells become differentiated to do different jobs, but each cell has the same DNA

1. muscle cells:……………………………………………………………………………

2. skin cells: ………………………………………………………………………………

3. nerve cells: ………………………………………………………………………………

4. sperm cells: ……………………………………………………………………………

5. Connective tissue cells: …………………………………………………………………

6. Red blood cells:…………………………………………………………………………

7. Xylem cells and Phloem cells (in plants):

a. Xylem- …………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………

b.Phloem - …………………………………………………………………………