Karnataka Watershed Development Project-II (Sujala-III)
Additional Environmental Assessment of Horticulture – Final Report – June 2012
Table of Contents
1 Approach and Methodology 3
1.1 Background 3
1.2 Scope of Work 3
1.3 Approach and Methodology 4
1.4 Assignment Phases 4
1.5 Data Collection 4
1.6 Sampling 5
1.6.1 Consultations 5
1.6.2 Environmental Indicators 5
1.6.3 Anticipated Environmental Impacts 6
1.7 Regulatory Requirements, Operational Policies and Directives 7
1.8 Present Final Report 7
2 Baseline Data of Sample Micro-watersheds 8
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Baseline information 8
2.3 Good Practices Identified 9
2.3.1 Integrated Horticulture and Water Resource Sustainability 9
2.3.2 Integrated Horticulture and Soil Conservation 9
2.4 Issues Identified During FGDs 9
2.5 Environmental Management Framework 10
2.5.1 Environment Management Framework Highlighting Project Activities, Impacts, Mitigation Measures with Responsibilities 12
2.5.2 Monitoring Plan 17
2.5.3 Pest Management Plan 17
2.6 Training for Horticulture Personnel and Farmers 18
2.6.1 Budget 19
3 Pest Management Plan – Guidance 20
3.1 Guidance on Proper Storage Handling and Disposal of Pesticides 38
1 Approach and Methodology
1.1 Background
An Environmental Management Framework was prepared for the World Bank assisted Karnataka Watershed Development Project – II (Sujala-III). As the project preparation progressed, Horticulture component of this project has gained prominence in terms of scope and funding. Due to this change of project scope and investments, an Additional Environmental Assessment of the horticulture component was undertaken. The revised Horticulture component has the following sub-components:
· Extension and demos for productivity Improvement
· Farmer horticulture soil and crop monitoring
· Horticulture post harvest management value chain
· Horticulture services support
· Horticulture (Proposed Investments)
The present effort of conducting an environmental assessment of the horticulture component is completed and updating the existing EMF is in progress.
1.2 Scope of Work
This additional Environmental Assessment and the Environmental Management Framework is prepared to supplement the already existing and approved EA and EMF.. The scope of the additional work includes:
1. Data on climate and meteorology of the micro watersheds involving the horticultural crops grown in the area
2. Water sources, ground water table, water quality, soil, air and biodiversity aspects
3. Sensitive areas with respect to above aspects
4. Cropping pattern in the micro watersheds with special reference to horticulture crops of small/ marginal farmers.
5. Usage of fertilizers, pesticides etc.,
6. Water harvesting and water saving techniques under practice
7. Sustainable agricultural practices including bio-control measures
8. Waste management practices
9. Infrastructure likely to be developed due to the direct impact of the project and because of the project, impact of these infrastructures on environment.
10. Analysis of the GOI, GOK and WB Laws, Acts, Regulations and Policies
11. Identification of Good Agricultural Practices in the micro watersheds.
12. Identification of the positive and negative impact due to the project activities and post project follow up activities.
13. Categorization of these impacts into permanent and temporary and severe, moderate and negligible nature
14. Preparation of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) duly specifying enhancement measures for good practices and mitigation measures to the negative impacts.
15. Prescribing environmental monitoring and audit plan with monitorable indicators.
16. Capacity building and training for implementing EMP.
17. Interaction with officers of the Department of Horticulture and other related departments
18. Any other necessary information
1.3 Approach and Methodology
The study is conducted using participatory approaches throughout. The approach to study is to complete the assignment in two phases covering five distinct stages of work as explained below:
1.4 Assignment Phases
The five stages covering the two phases of the assignment and the activities to be taken up during each stage are given below:
Stage / ActivitiesInception Stage / § Finalization of Approach and Methodology
§ Identification of data requirements and mode of data collection
§ Preparation of study tools
§ Preparation and Submission of Inception Report
§ Data Collection from Secondary Sources
Field Surveys Stage / § Field Surveys in micro watersheds selected by Horticulture Department for getting information on the nature and severity of environmental issues
§ Discussions with stakeholders in these micro watersheds
§ Data collection from secondary sources
§ Preliminary assessment of environmental issues, based on secondary sources of information, field surveys and consultations
Analysis and Assessment Stage / § Analysis of baseline environmental issues, policies, legislations and institutions
§ Firming up recommendations regarding mitigation measures, monitoring and evaluation strategies and institutional responsibilities
§ Preparation of the Environment Management Monitoring Plan and Performance Indicators
Draft Reporting Stage / § Review of EMF and Updation
§ Submission of Draft Updated EMF Report
Final Reporting Stage / § Comments from Horticulture Department/ WB
§ Incorporation of comments
§ Submission of Updated Final EMF Report
1.5 Data Collection
The study will depend mainly on primary and secondary sources of information. The primary data was obtained through Personal Discussions and Focus Group Discussions with the officials of Horticulture Department and grass roots stakeholders at the sampled micro-watersheds during field visits; information on the perceived environmental issues was collected. Basic PRA methods, viz., observation and transact walk were applied during field visits.
The checklists used for data collection are given in Annexure 1.
1.6 Sampling
These study was taken up in the below mentioned micro watersheds.
District / Taluk / Micro water shedKoppal / Kushtagi / Vittalapura
Koppal / Hyder Nagar
Chamarajanagar / Chamarajanagar / Harve
Kollegal / Bandally
1.6.1 Consultations
These consultations were organized with the support of the client and local resourceful organizations. One consultation was held in each sampled micro-watershed after the data collection and the information on project was disseminated to the stakeholders. These Consultations were held in the field for proper feedback. These were recorded including the details of the participants and matters discussed.
1.6.2 Environmental Indicators
The following indicators were considered during the environmental assessment:
· Water
o Surface Water
§ Quality
§ Quantity
o Ground Water
§ Quality
§ Quantity
· Soil
o Quality
o Erosion
o Salinization
· Horticultural Productivity
o Fertilizers
o Pesticides
· Bio-Diversity
o Vegetation
o Flora and Fauna
The detailed parameters are given in Annexure 1.
1.6.3 Anticipated Environmental Impacts
Anticipated positive and negative impacts are listed below.
A. Positive Impacts:
The expected positive impacts of the project are:
· Soil and water conservation
· Raise in groundwater table
· Increase in yield from groundwater sources
· Retention of soil moisture for longer period in a year
· Change in cropping pattern; shifting from agriculture to agro-horticulture and agro-forestry
· Increase in crop yield
· Overcoming drinking water scarcity in the villages
· Improvement in fodder and fuel wood dependency
· Significant improvement in local employment generation
· Reduction in off-season migration of the people out of village
B. Negative Impacts:
Even though there are many positive benefits there are few negative impacts are also likely to occur due to the project activities. Some of them are:
· Possible contamination of surface and ground water due to poor sanitation condition prevailing in the project area
· Increased dependency on the chemical fertilizer and pesticides will cause the soil to lose the moisture holding capacity
· Loss of soil fertility
· Increase in resistance among pests and insects
· Possibility of reduction in water potential for the people in the downstream area of the sub-watershed of the project area
· Conflicts between landholders and landless
1.7 Regulatory Requirements, Operational Policies and Directives
The EA study was conducted in accordance with laws, regulations, and any other requirements of the State of Karnataka and Government of India. The study also addressed environmental requirements of the World Bank as outlined in relevant operational policies and directives. In the approved EA, only one safeguard policy, namely, Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) was triggered, whereas this additional EA has triggered the safeguard policy on Pest Management (OP 4.09).
1.8 Present Final Report
The present Final Report comprises the baseline data collected from the sample micro-water sheds and the observed good practices and an Environmental Management Framework. As a part of mitigation management a Pest Management Plan is also presented.
2 Baseline Data of Sample Micro-watersheds
2.1 Introduction
The basic baseline information was collected during the field trips from officers of Horticulture Department and from farmers. During Field Visits, Transect Walks were conducted through villages, catchment areas, tanks, canals, check dams, etc. and data was collected through observation and FGDs with the farmers using PRA approaches.
2.2 Baseline information
Parameter / Micro-watershedsDistrict / Chamarajanagar / Chamarajanagar / Koppal / Koppal
Taluk / Kollegal / Chamarajanagar / Kushtagi / Koppal
Micro-Watershed / Bandally / Harve / Vittalanagara / Hydernagar
Rainfall, mm / 781 / 781 / 562 / 590
Temp, Deg C / Max:32
Min: 16 / Max: 37
Min.: 23 / Max: 42
Min.: 12 / Max.: 44
Min.: 15
Soils / Red Soils, Sandy Loam / Red Soils, Sandy Loam, Gravelly / Red Soils, Sandy Loam, / Red soils
Water Quality / Fluoride / Nil / Nil / Nil
Groundwater Availability / Depleting / Depleting / Depleting / Depleting
Natural Disasters / Drought since 2 years / Drought since 2 years / Drought during 2001-2004 / None
Sensitive Areas within 1 Km / Nil / Nil / Nil / Nil
Wildlife / Peacocks, Elephants, Deer, Wild Boar, Occasional Leopard, etc. / Deer, Elephants, Wild Pigs, etc. / Bear, Peacock, Wild Pig, etc. / None
Livestock / Local Cow, Buffalo, HF, Goat, Sheep, etc. / Local Cow, Buffalo, Goat, Sheep, etc. / Local Cow, Buffalo, HF, Goat, Sheep, etc. / Local Cow, Buffalo, Goat, Sheep, etc.
Horticulture Crops / Turmeric, Coconut, Mango, Banana Chrysanthemum, marigold, Beans, Tomato, Carrot, Cabbage, Chilies, Onions, etc. / Coconut, Coconut, Mango, Banana Chrysanthemum, marigold, Beans, Tomato, Carrot, Cabbage, Chilies, etc. / Papaya, Kinno, Mango, Banana, Pomegranate, Neem, Sapota, etc., / Brinjal, Bitter gourd, Onion, Cucumber, Tomato, Chilies, Ladies Fingers, Pomegranate, Water melon Oil Palm, etc.
Major Weeds / Parthenium, Bhoki, Jake, Congress Weed, BJP Weed, etc. / Parthenium, Bhoki, Jake, Congress Weed, BJP Weed, etc. / Parthenium, Bhoki, Jake, Congress Weed, BJP Weed, etc. / Parthenium, Bhoki, Jake, Congress Weed, BJP Weed, etc.
Potential Markets / Local, Tamil Nadu / Local, Tamil Nadu / Local, Maharashtra / Local, Maharashtra
Storage Facilities / Nil / Nil / Cold Storage Plant / Nil
Processing Facilities / Nil / Coconut Processing / Oil Palm Processing / Nil
Pesticides Used / Acephate, Chloropyriphos, Endosulphan, Roger, Bavistin, DM-45, DZ-78, COC, Azadiraktin,
Organic Fertilizers, etc. / Acephate, Chloropyriphos, Endosulphan, Roger, Bavistin, DM-45, DZ-78, COC, Azadiraktin,
Organic Fertilizers, etc. / Acephate, Chloropyriphos, Endosulphan, Roger, Bavistin, DM-45, DZ-78, COC, Azadiraktin,
Organic Fertilizers, etc. / Acephate, Chloropyriphos, Endosulphan, Roger, Bavistin, DM-45, DZ-78, COC, Azadiraktin,
Organic Fertilizers, etc.
Fertilizers Used / Compost, Cow dung, NPK, Etc. / Compost, Cow dung, NPK, Etc. / Compost, Cow dung, NPK, Etc. / Compost, Cow dung, NPK, Etc.
2.3 Good Practices Identified
2.3.1 Integrated Horticulture and Water Resource Sustainability
Mr. Shivaswamy’s Uma Maheshwari Krushi Farm is at Nanjedevarapura near Harave Village. He owns a 15 acre plot in Nanjadevarapura and is implementing integrated horticulture with drip system. A small check dam and a farm pond were constructed with assistance from watershed department and these help maintain moisture and recharge groundwater. Since the construction of these, the groundwater level has increased, even though the land is undulating and in slopy. He has taken up different activities like diary, epiculture (Chitta and Thuduve), goatery, sericulture, vermi-compost, etc. He is growing a mix of horticulture crops such as Mulberry (V1 and M1), Turmeric, Ginger, Areca Nut, Banana, Papaya, Guava, Pomegranate, Jackfruit, etc. Presently he is planning to introduce a couple of fish ponds and gober gas plants as well. He draws energy from solar panels.
2.3.2 Integrated Horticulture and Soil Conservation
Mr Gadigi’s farm, which is nearly 30 acres in two plots, is in Malligera village of Kushtagi taluk. He is practicing Zero Cultivation technique. He is growing several varieties of Horticulture crops; the latest one being grafted Jambulina (nila nerala). This has a very good market and fetches a good rate as well; he got first crop last year and had good returns. His other crops are Lemon, Papaya, Coconut, Mango, Sapota, Orange, Kinno, etc. He procured the Kinno from Rajasthan, for which he visited Rajasthan to understand the Kinno cultivation. He has also planted Neem wood, Sandal Wood, Teak, etc. He practices zero cultivation in dry land. He uses no chemicals, but only bio-organic pesticides and fertilizers, drip irrigation.
2.4 Issues Identified During FGDs
The following issues were identified during the Focus Group Discussions:
· Scarcity of quality seeds is a major problem that the farmers face. There is a need for intervention in this area. Easy and timely availability of quality seeds is sought by all farmers. The farmers want the Horticulture Department to introduce high yielding varieties.
· Marketing of produce is a major problem. Involvement of Middlemen/ commission agents in marketing is resulting in reduced margins to farmers. The involvement of middlemen needs to be reduced through Horticulture Department promoted and organized Marketing Chains like HOPCOMS.
· There are no proper processing units in the production area; there is a need to promote processing units based on the horticulture products in the area.
· Presently weighing of produce is a problem that is being faced by all most all the horticulture farmers, as a lot of cheating takes place while weighing. This need to be curbed through establishment of electronic automatic scales.
· Most famers feel that storage of produce is a problem. They would like to have sufficient cold storage facilities as well ripening chambers for fruits.
· Support Price is an another issue that the farmers bring up quite often.
Smell is observed in coconut processing units. This need to be reduced by installing chimneys and by distributing masks to workforce. Wastage of coconut water is a matter of concern. This need to be collected, processed and sold. Slippery floors too are an issue in these units. The floors need to be of non-slippery tiles.