Chapter 11; Key Issue #4
Why Are Location Factors Changing? Name:______
Pp 361- 368
______
1. ______is the site factor that is changing dramatically today.
2. Where is industry moving in the USA?
3. Where is industry moving in Europe?
4. Why did industry bypass the American South?
5. What are “right to work laws”? What have these laws done for the South?
6. Why has the Gulf Coast become an important industrial area?
7. Where has textile production moved in the USA and WHY?
8. Look at Figure 11-11. What state dominates hosiery? ______
9. Where is industry moving in Europe and how does the move differ from the United States?
10. List four important facts regarding Spain:
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11. What THREE Central European nations have witnessed the most industrial growth?
What TWO factors does Central Europe offer manufacturers?
12. In 1970, ____% of the world’s industry was in Europe, ______% was in North America. Today these two regions only produce ______% of the world’s manufacturing each.
13. South Korea is the world’s leading producer of:______
14. India’s ______is expected to match that of the USA by 2050. What three economic activities is leading India’s economy?
15. ______is the leading industrial nation in Latin America.
16. (Fig 11-24) All of the world’s increase in steel production has been in ______, especially ______.
17. In 1980, ____% of steel production was in MDC’s. Today, ______% is in LDC’s.
18. In 1990, the USA had ______apparel workers. In 2009, it was______.
19. Apparel workers in the American South are being forced out of jobs by apparel workers in LDC’s who
Earn:______
20. New International Division of Labor:
21. Outsourcing:
22. Figure 11-27. How much do manufacturing workers get compensated for per hour in:
Norway______Japan:______China:______
Austria______Singapore:______Mexico:______
Italy:______Taiwan:______Philippines:______
USA: ______Brazil:______Sri Lanka:______
23. Give TWO reasons why an industry still wants to remain in traditional regions like the USA and Wesern Europe:
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24. Where is computer manufacturing located in the USA?
25.Describe Fordist production:
26. Describe post-Fordist, or lean production:
27. What car manufacture introduced lean production, or post-Fordist production?______
28. What is the main benefit of “just in time” delivery?
29. Describe the two kinds of disruptions that can result from reliance on just-in time delivery:
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30. Read and highlight important information regarding NAFTA and Maquiladoras:
NAFTA stands for the North American Free Trade Agreement. Its objective was to help the U.S. and the other NAFTA members, Canada and Mexico, compete with the growing European Union. It took three Presidents to make it happen -- Reagan, Bush and Clinton -- but it was finally signed in 1993. By easing trade restrictions between 444 million people in three countries, NAFTA more than quadrupled trade in less than 20 years.
Growth comes with costs, and NAFTA was no exception. The economies of all three countries benefited, but some sectors suffered for it. First, NAFTA cost more than half a million American jobs, as manufacturers moved to Mexico to take advantage of lower labor costs. The four states that suffered the most were California, New York, Michigan and Texas because they had had a high concentration of motor vehicles, textiles, computers, and electrical appliances industries. Lower wages in Mexico meant that workers in the remaining U.S. factories could not bargain for higher wages. Companies could now threaten to move to Mexico if labor unions negotiated too hard.
Mexicans suffered, too. Rural Mexican farmers could not compete with low-cost corn and other grains that were exported by subsidized U.S. farm corporations. NAFTA put more than a million Mexican farmers were out of business. The ones that remained were forced to use more fertilizers and farm marginal land, resulting in more pollution and deforestation.
Labor was cheap in Mexico because they had no labor rights or health protection. Because of NAFTA, nearly a third of Mexico's labor were forced into a "maquiladora" program. There are over one million Mexicans working in over 3,000 maquiladora manufacturing or export assembly plants in northern Mexico, producing parts and products for the United States. Most of these maquiladora lie within a short drive of the U.S.-Mexico border.
Maquiladoras are owned by U.S., Japanese, and European countries and some could be considered "sweatshops" composed of young women working for as little as 50 cents an hour, for up to ten hours a day, six days a week. However, in recent years, NAFTA has started to pay off somewhat - some maquiladoras are improving conditions for their workers, along with wages. Some skilled workers in garment maquiladoras are paid as much as $1-$2 an hour and work in modern, air-conditioned facilities.
Unfortunately, the cost of living in border towns is often 30% higher than in southern Mexico and many of the maquiladora women (many of whom are single) are forced to live in shantytowns that lack electricity and water surrounding the factory cities. Maquiladoras are quite prevalent in Mexican cities such as Tijuana, Ciudad Juarez, and Matamoros that lie directly across the border from the interstate highway-connected U.S. cities of San Diego (California), El Paso (Texas), and Brownsville (Texas), respectively. Maquiladoras primarily produce electronic equipment, clothing, plastics, furniture, appliances, and auto parts. Ninety percent of the goods produced at maquiladoras are shipped north to the United States.