Renner American Journal of Botany 101(#): - . 2014. Data Supplement S1 for the Paper The

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Renner —American Journal of Botany 101(#): ###-###. 2014. – Data Supplement S1 for the paper “The relative and absolute frequencies of angiosperm sexual systems: dioecy, monoecy, gynodioecy, and an up-dated online database.”

Appendix S1 for S. S. Renner:The relative and absolute frequencies of angiosperm sexual systems: dioecy, monoecy, gynodioecy, and an up-dated online database.

This list of genera with dioecious species was started in 1995 by going through Yampolsky, C., and H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1-62. The Y & Y data came from Engler and Prantl’s series “Natürliche Pflanzenfamilien” (up to 1912), with most sexual systems inferred only from herbarium material, not living populations. This led to the frequent use of the term polygamy, which refers to the presence of unisexual and bisexual flowers on some or all individuals. This term is useful when herbarium specimens reveal the presence of unisexual and bisexual flowers, but not their population-level distribution so that monoecy, dioecy, and gynodioecy cannot be reliably distinguished.

Sources: Over the years, many experts reviewed data for specific clades, and I also added corrections received via email or that I picked up in the literature.Yampolsky and Yampolsky (1922) are referred to below as “Y 32” where 32 is the the page number. Some other sources are cited at the end of this table as are the sources cited in this Introduction.I am grateful for corrections and additions.

Genera are assigned to families follwing the APG classification as implemented in GenBank in March 2014. Column 7, titled NCBI, shows a + for genera that have at least 1 sequence in GenBank, which means their taxonomic assignment to family and order hopefully reflects monophyletic groups. For the 72 genera not represented in GenBank, I followed the PlantList for their family assignment. The entry ++ means a phylogeny has been published that focuses on sexual systems.

In red, taxonomic assignments and numbers that have changed since 1995; in blue, families that are entirely dioecious;

Genera removed since 1995 as not containing dioecious species: Aceraceae/Sapindaceae: Dipteronia, not dioecious

Boraginaceae: Lepidocordia, Rochefortia, monoecious fide M. Gottschling, Univ. of Munich (LMU), 13 Jan. 2014

Rubiaceae: Genipa not dioecious fide C. Persoon, pers. comm. 5 March 2014

Styracaceae: Bruinsmia, not dioecious fide P. Fritsch in Fam. Gen. Vasc. Plants

Sapindaceae: Pappea capensis, monoecious, not dioecious (Robbertse et al. 2010).

On 3 May 2014, the list included987angiosperm genera, representing 7% of the 13,479 genera accepted in 1995 (Brummitt et al., 1992) or 6.7% of the 14,559 generaaccepted in the The Plant List( vs. 1.1. of 13 Sep. 2013, accessed 12 Jan. 2014).

The 987 genera represent at least 869 independent origins of dioecy because 10 families with >1 genus are entirely dioecious.

The genera belong to 175 families (38%) out of the c. 450 families of angiosperms currently accepted.

Column 5 lists 15.600 dioecious species or 5% of the 304,419 species accepted in PlantList (many of which may be synonyms). If estimates of 240,000 or 261,750species of angiosperms (Brummitt, 1992; P. Stevens, accessed 10 Mar. 2014) are more correct, then 6% of angiosperm species would be dioecious. If, on the other hand, one accepts an estimate of 352,000 species of angiosperms (incl. ones not yet discovered/named; Paton et al., 2008), then 4.4%. of angiosperm species might be dioecious. Of course, some percentage of the unknown species are expected to be dioecious, so the fraction will continue to change.

Family / Genus / Order / Total spp / Dioe
spp / Other sexual systems / NCBI / Pollination / Geographic range
Aceraceae / Acer / Sapindales / 124 / 13 / Monoecious, duodichogamy, heterodichogamy,
Renner et al. 2007 / + / Insects and wind / Northern Hemisphere, few species S to Borneo
Acharia. / Carpotroche / Malpighiales / 11 / 11 / + / insects / neotrop.
Acharia. / Dovyalis / Malpighiales / 15 / 15 / + / insects / warm Afr., Sri Lanka
Acharia. / Gynocardia / Malpighiales / 1 / 1 / + / Assam & Burma
Acharia. / Hydnocarpus / Malpighiales / 40 / 30 / Polygamous / + / Indomal.
Acharia. / Kiggelaria / Malpighiales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / trop. Afr.
Acharia. / Pangium / Malpighiales / 1 / 1 / + / Mal.
Acharia. / Ryparosa / Malpighiales / 18 / 18 / + / Mal.
Acharia. / Trichadenia / Malpighiales / 2 / 2 / + / E Malesia
Achatocarpa. / Achatocarpus / Caryophyll. / 5 / 5 / + / wind / neotrop.
Achatocarpa. / Phaulothamnus / Caryophyll. / 1 / 1 / + / wind / Mexico to California
Actinidia. / Actinidia / Ericales / 30 / 8 / Dio. or polygamous; X/Y sex chrom. in A. chinensis / + / insects / Indomal., E As.
Actinidia. / Saurauia / Ericales / 300 / 10 / Fls. bisexual, polygam. or polygamodio. / + / insects / neotrop.
Aextoxica. / Aextoxicon / Berberidopsidales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / Chile
Alismata. / Burnatia / Alismatales / 1 / 1 / + / trop. Afr.
Alismata. / Sagittaria / Alismatales / 20 / 1 / Monoecious, only S. latifolia dioecious / + / insects / cosmopol.
Amarantha. / Aerva / Caryophyll. / 10 / 1 / Fls. bisexual, polygamous or dio. / + / wind / paleotrop.
Amarantha. / Amaranthus / Caryophyll. / 60 / 45 / Dio. or polygamous; funct. dio. f. FGVP / + / wind / cosmopolitan
Amarantha. / Atriplex / Caryophyll. / 300 / 50 / Monoecious, polygamous, or polygamodio., trioecy McArthur et al. 1992 / + / wind / cosmopol.
Amarantha. / Chamissoa / Caryophyll. / 2 / 1 / + / wind? / warm. Am.
Amarantha. / Deeringia / Caryophyll. / 11 / 1 / + / wind / OW tropics
Amarantha. / Endolepis (incl. Stutzia) / Caryophyll. / 3 / 2 / Monoecious / + / wind / E Eurasia
Amarantha. / Grayia / Caryophyll. / 4 / 4 / Occ. monoecious / + / wind / USA
Amarantha. / Iresine / Caryophyll. / 80 / 30 / Polygamous / + / wind / pantrop.
Amarantha. / Roycea / Caryophyll. / 2 / 2 / + / wind / Austr.
Amarantha. / Spinacia / Caryophyll. / 3 / 3 / Polygamodio. / + / wind / SE As.
Amarantha. / Zuckia = Grayia / Caryophyll. / 1 / 1 / + / wind / USA (Arizona)
Amborella. / Amborella / Amborellales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / New Caled.
Amphorogyna. / Dendrotrophe / Santalales / 4 / 2 / Monoecious / + / SE As., Austr.
Anacardia. / Amphipterygium / Sapindales / 4 / 1 / + / wind / Mexico & C. Am. driest forests
Anacardia. / Astronium / Sapindales / 10 / 10 / Polygamodio. / + / wind / trop. Am.
Anacardia. / Blepharocarya / Sapindales / 2 / 1 / + / insects / NE Austr
Anacardia. / Campnosperma / Sapindales / 10 / 5 / Polygamodio. / - / insects / neotrop., Madagas., SE As.
Anacardia. / Faguetia / Sapindales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / Madagas.
Anacardia. / Haematostaphis / Sapindales / 2 / 2 / - / insects / trop. Afr.
Anacardia. / Haplorhus / Sapindales / 1 / 1 / - / insects / neotrop.
Anacardia. / Harpephyllum / Sapindales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / Cape
Anacardia. / Heeria / Sapindales / 1 / 1 / Polygamodio. / + / insects / trop. Afr.
Anacardia. / Lannea / Sapindales / 40 / 14 / Mon. or dio. / + / insects / trop. Afr., Indomal.
Anacardia. / Laurophyllus / Sapindales / 1 / 1 / Polygamodio. / + / insects / S Afr.
Anacardia. / Lithrea / Sapindales / 3 / 3 / Polygamodio. / + / insects / neotrop.
Anacardia. / Loxopterygium / Sapindales / 5 / 5 / Polygamous Y 37 / + / insects / neotrop.
Anacardia. / Loxostylis / Sapindales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / S Afr.
Anacardia. / Mosquitoxylum / Sapindales / 1 / 1 / Polygamous / + / insects / Jamaica
Anacardia. / Orthopterygium / Sapindales / 1 / 1 / + / wind / Peru
Anacardia. / Ozoroa / Sapindales / 40 / 40 / + / insects / trop. Afr.
Anacardia. / Parishia / Sapindales / 5 / 4 / - / insects / Indomal.
Anacardia. / Pegia / Sapindales / 3 / 1 / + / insects / SE As.
Anacardia. / Pistacia / Sapindales / 9 / 9 / Yi et al., 2008 / ++ / wind / Medit., SE As., USA, C. Am.
Anacardia. / Pleiogynium / Sapindales / 2 / 1 / + / insects / SE As.
Anacardia. / Poupartia / Sapindales / 12 / 4 / + / insects / pantrop.
Anacardia. / Protorhus / Sapindales / 21 / 15 / Fls. bisexual or polygamodio. / + / insects / S Afr., Madagas.
Anacardia. / Pseudosmodingium / Sapindales / 7 / 3 / + / insects / Mexico
Anacardia. / Pseudospondias / Sapindales / 2 / 1 / + / insects / trop. Afr.
Anacardia. / Rhodosphaera / Sapindales / 1 / 1 / Polygamodio. / - / insects / Austr.
Anacardia. / Rhus / Sapindales / 200 / 180 / Polygamous Y 37 Young 1972: gynodio. / + / insects / temp. & warm, incl. S Afr.
Anacardia. / Schinus / Sapindales / 27 / 20 / Polygamodio. / + / insects / neotrop.
Anacardia. / Sclerocarya / Malpighiales / 4 / 2 / Monoecious / + / insects / trop. Afr.
Anacardia. / Semecarpus / Sapindales / 60 / 50 / Polygamous, gynodio / + / insects / Indomal.
Anacardia. / Smodingium / Sapindales / 1 / 1 / Polygamodio. / - / insects / S Afr.
Anacardia. / Spondias / Sapindales / 10 / 1 / Polygamous Y 37 / + / insects / Indomal. to SE As.
Anacardia. / Tapirira / Sapindales / 15 / 15 / Polygamodio. / + / insects / neotrop.
Anacardia. / Trichoscypha / Sapindales / 50 / 25 / Polygamodio. / + / variable / trop. Afr.
Anarthria. / Anarthria / Poales / 6 / 6 / + / wind / SW Austr.
Anarthria. / Hopkinsia / Poales / 2 / 2 / + / wind / Austr.
Anarthria. / Lyginia / Poales / 3 / 3 / + / wind / Austr.
Annona. / Pseuduvaria / Magnoliales / 35 / 35 / + / insects / India to Austr.
Annona. / Stelechocarpus / Magnoliales / 5 / 5 / + / insects / SE As.
Annona. / Uvariopsis / Magnoliales / 12 / 6 / Fls. bisexual / + / insects / trop. Afr.
Apia. / Aciphylla / Apiales / 39 / 16 / Polygamodio. / + / insects / NZ, Austr.
Apia. / Anisotome / Apiales / 13 / 13 / + / NZ, subantartic islands
Apia. / Arctopus / Apiales / 3 / 3 / + / insects / S Afr.
Apia. / Ledebouriella / Apiales / 2 / 2 / + / insects / C As.
Apia. / Mulinum / Apiales / 20 / 1 / + / Andes
Apia. / Trinia / Apiales / 11 / 11 / Rarely polygamodio., gynodio. / + / insects / Europe to C Asia
Apodantha. / Apodanthes / Cucurbitales / 1 / 1 / Monoecious? / + / insects / neotrop.
Apodantha. / Pilostyles / Cucurbitales / 9 / 9 / Monoecious? / + / insects / S. Am., Austr., Iran
Aponogetona. / Aponogeton / Alismatales / 44 / 1 / Doubtful accessment / + / insects / trop. OW, S Afr.
Aptandra. / Aptandra / Santalales / 4 / 1 / Monoecious / + / insects / trop. S Am. (3), Afr. (1)
Aquifolia. / Ilex / Aquifoliales / 400 / 300 / + / insects / cosmopol.
Aralia. / Aralia / Apiales / 36 / 20 / + / insects / N Am., E As., Mal.
Aralia. / Dendropanax / Apiales / 30 / 10 / + / insects / neotrop. & Mal.
Aralia. / Meryta / Apiales / 25 / 25 / + / insects / NZ, Austr., New Cal.
Aralia. / Oreopanax / Apiales / 80 / 10 / Polygamodio. / + / insects / neotrop.
Aralia. / Polyscias / Apiales / 24 / 14 / + / insects / New Caledonia
Areca. / Aphandra / Arecales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / S Am.
Areca. / Borassus / Arecales / 7 / 7 / + / insects / OW trop.
Areca. / Calamus / Arecales / 370 / 370 / Polygamous? / + / insects / OW trop.
Areca. / Calospatha / Arecales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / SE As.
Areca. / Ceratolobus / Arecales / 6 / 6 / + / insects / SE As.
Areca. / Ceroxylon / Arecales / 15 / 15 / + / variable / neotrop.
Areca. / Chamaedorea / Arecales / 110 / 110 / + / variable / neotrop.
Areca. / Chamaerops / Arecales / 1 / 1 / Dio. or polygamous / + / insects / Medit.
Areca. / Daemonorops / Arecales / 114 / 114 / + / insects / SE As.
Areca. / Drymophloeus / Arecales / 15 / 2 / Monoecious / + / insects / Moluccas
Areca. / Hyphaene / Arecales / 9 / 9 / + / insects / Afr., Madagas., India
Areca. / Juania / Arecales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / neotrop. (Juan Fernandez)
Areca. / Korthalsia / Arecales / 26 / 26 / Polygamodio. / + / insects / Indomal.
Areca. / Latania / Arecales / 3 / 3 / + / insects / Mascarenes
Areca. / Lepidocaryum / Arecales / 9 / 9 / + / insects / neotrop.
Areca. / Lodoicea / Arecales / 1 / 1 / + / wind? / Seychelles
Areca. / Mauritia / Arecales / 2 / 2 / + / variable / neotrop.
Areca. / Medemia / Arecales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / trop. Afr.
Areca. / Orbignya / Arecales / 20 / 1 / Monoecious / + / variable / neotrop.
Areca. / Phoenix / Arecales / 17 / 17 / + / variable / trop. and warm Afr. & As.
Areca. / Pholidocarpus / Arecales / 5 / 5 / + / insects / Mal.
Areca. / Phytelephas / Arecales / 12 / 12 / + / insects / neotrop.
Areca. / Plectocomia / Arecales / 16 / 16 / + / insects / SE As.
Areca. / Plectocomiopsis / Arecales / 5 / 5 / + / insects / SE As.
Areca. / Pseudophoenix / Arecales / 4 / 1 / Monoecious Y 23 / + / insects / West Indies
Areca. / Ravenea / Arecales / 9 / 9 / + / insects / Madagas.
Areca. / Rhapidophyllum / Arecales / 1 / 1 / Dio. or polygamous / + / insects / USA
Areca. / Rhapis / Arecales / 12 / 10 / Dio. or polygamous / + / insects / SE As.
Areca. / Salacca / Arecales / 15 / 15 / Dio. or polygamous / + / insects / Indomal.
Areca. / Trachycarpus / Arecales / 4 / 4 / Dio. or polygamous / + / insects / Himalaya
Areca. / Wendlandiella / Arecales / 3 / 3 / + / wind / neotrop.
Asparaga. / Asparagus / Asparagales / 200 / 8? / Fls. bisexual, dioecy evolved 1x
Kubota et al., 2012 / ++ / insects / OW temp.
Asparaga. / Beaucarnea / Asparagales / 10 / 10 / + / insects / Mexico, C. Am.
Asparaga. / Calibanus / Asparagales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / Mexico
Asparaga. / Dasylirion / Asparagales / 15 / 15 / + / insects / SW USA
Asparaga. / Lomandra / Asparagales / 35 / 35 / + / wind / New Guinea, Austr., New Caledonia
Asparaga. / Nolina / Asparagales / 23 / 23 / + / insects / SW N. Am.
Asparaga. / Ruscus / Asparagales / 6 / 6 / + / insects / Eur., Medit. to Iran
Astelia. / Astelia (incl. Collospermum) / Asparagales / 30 / 30 / + / Insects, bats / New Guinea, Austr., NZ, Chile, Hawaii
Astera. / Antennaria / Asterales / 45 / 15 / Fls. bisexual / + / insects / temp. & warm
Astera. / Baccharis / Asterales / 350 / 350 / + / wind / neotrop.
Astera. / Blumea / Asterales / 75 / 30 / Dio. or gynodio. / + / OW trop.
Astera. / Brachylaena / Asterales / 23 / 23 / + / insects / trop. Afr.
Astera. / Carduus / Asterales / 91 / 10 / Fls. bisexual, 1 sp. gynodio. in Europe / + / insects / Euras.
Astera. / Chaetanthera / Asterales / 41 / 2 / Gynomonoecious / + / Peru, Chile (Andes)
Astera. / Cirsium / Asterales / 200 / 2 / Fls. bisexual; gynodio. see D. Lloyd / + / insects / temp.
Astera. / Cotula (incl. Leptinella) / Asterales / 80 / 1 / Gynomon. Y 58; Himmelreich et al., 2012 / ++ / subcosmopol.
Astera. / Doniophyton / Asterales / 2 / 1 / Fls. bisexual. or polygamodio. / + / Andes
Astera. / Epaltes / Asterales / 15 / 10 / Dioecious or gynodioecious / + / pantrop.
Astera. / Gochnatia / Asterales / 10 / 10 / + / trop. & warm Am., SE As mts.
Astera. / Heterothalamus / Asterales / 8 / 1 / Polygamodio. / + / neotrop.
Astera. / Lycoseris / Asterales / 66 / 10 / + / Trop. Am.
Astera. / Mikania / Asterales / 400 / 1 / Fls. bisexual / + / insects / pantrop.
Astera. / Mniodes / Asterales / 5 / 2 / - / Peru
Astera. / Monactis / Asterales / 8 / 1 / + / neotrop.
Astera. / Moquinia / Asterales / 1 / 1 / Gynodio.? / + / neotrop.
Astera. / Myripnois / Asterales / 3 / 3 / + / China
Astera. / Parastrephia / Asterales / 5 / 1 / + / Andes
Astera. / Petasites / Asterales / 15 / 14 / Dio. or polygamodio. / + / insects / N temp.
Astera. / Petrobium / Asterales / 1 / 1 / + / St. Helena
Astera. / Pluchea / Asterales / 40 / 30 / Dioecious or gynodioecious / + / warm, some weedy
Astera. / Podanthus / Asterales / 2 / 2 / + / insects / Chile, Arg.
Astera. / Pterocaulon / Asterales / 18 / 11 / Dio. or gynodio. / + / warm Am., SE As., Austr.
Astera. / Robinsonia / Asterales / 6 / 6 / Polygamodio. / + / Juan Fernandez
Astera. / Senecio / Asterales / 1500 / 10 / Fls. bisexual, gynodio / + / insects / cosmopol.
Astera. / Tarchonanthus / Asterales / 4 / 2 / + / insects / Cape, Mexico
Astera. / Vernonia / Asterales / 1000 / 1 / Fls. bisexual / + / insects / pantrop. & warm
Balanopa. / Balanops / Malpighiales / 9 / 9 / + / wind / Queensland, New Caledonia
Balanophora. / Balanophora / Santalales / 16 / 16 / + / insects / trop. OW
Balanophora. / Dactylanthus / Santalales / 1 / 1 / Monoecious Y 26 / + / bats / NZ
Balanophora. / Hachettea / Santalales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / New Cal.
Balanophora. / Langsdorffia / Santalales / 3 / 1 / Dioecious or monoecious / + / insects / Madagas. 1, New Guinea 1, neotrop. 1
Balanophora. / Rhopalocnemis / Santalales / 1 / 1 / ? / - / insects / Indomal.
Balanophora. / Sarcophyte / Santalales / 2 / 2 / - / insects / trop. Afr.
Balanophora. / Thonningia / Santalales / 1 / 1 / Dioecious or monoecious / - / insects / trop. Afr.
Barbeya. / Barbeya / Rosales / 1 / 1 / + / wind / NE trop. Afr.
Bata. / Batis / Brassicales / 2? / 2? / Monoecious or dioec.? / + / wind / trop. beaches
Begonia. / Begonia / Cucurbitales / 900 / 30 / Monoecious Y 28; M. Hughes, 13 Jan. 2014; K. Burt-Utley, 20 Jan. 2014, pers. comm. (see lit.list below for details) / + / insects / Pantropical, dioecy evolved in all tropical regions
Boragina. / Cordia / Boraginales / 250 / 20 / Fls. bisexual / + / insects / pantrop., dioe
in Africa + Asia
Bromelia. / Hechtia / Poales / 45 / 45 / + / insects / neotrop.
Brunellia. / Brunellia / Oxalidales / 52 / 10 / + / wind / neotrop.
Bursera. / Bursera / Sapindales / 50 / 40 / Monoecious / + / variable / neotrop.
Bursera. / Canarium / Sapindales / 75 / 75 / + / insects / paleotrop.
Bursera. / Crepidospermum / Sapindales / 5 / 1 / + / insects / neotrop.
Bursera. / Protium / Sapindales / 85 / 40 / + / insects / neotrop., Madagas., SE Asia
Bursera. / Tetragastris / Sapindales / 8 / 8 / + / insects / neotrop.
Bursera. / Trattinnickia / Sapindales / 11 / 11 / + / insects / neotrop.
Buxac. / Didymeles / Buxales / 2 / 2 / + / insects / Madagas.
Cacta. / Echinocereus / Caryophyll. / 47 / 1 / Fls. bisexual; Fleming et al. 1994 / + / insects / SW N USA
Cacta. / Opuntia / Caryophyll. / 300 / 3 / Fls. bisexual / + / insects / neotrop.
Calophylla. / Clusiella / Malpighiales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / neotrop.
Calophylla. / Haploclathra / Malpighiales / 3 / 3 / + / insects / neotrop.
Calophylla. / Kielmeyera / Malpighiales / 20 / 5 / Fls. bisexual or dioecious / + / insects / neotrop.
Calophylla. / Marila / Malpighiales / 20 / 10 / Fls. bisexual or dio.; herma. on BCI / + / insects / neotrop.
Campanula. / Lobelia / Asterales / 365-400 / 4 / Fls. bisexual, few Australian spp. dio., gynodio? / + / insects / pantrop. (dio. in Austr.)
Cannaba. / Cannabis / Rosales / 2 / 2 / + / wind / Central Asia
Cannaba. / Humulus / Rosales / 2 / 2 / + / wind / N temp.
Cappara. / Apophyllum / Brassicales / 1 / 1 / + / NE Austr.
Caprifolia. / Valeriana / Dipsacales / 250 / 10 / Fls. bisexual, gynodio. / + / insects / N temp., S Afr., Andes
Cardiopterida. / Gonocaryum / Aquifoliales / 9 / 1 / Fls. bisexual, monoecious, polygamodio. / + / insects / SE As.
Carica. / Carica / Brassicales / 1 / 1 / Trioecious / + / insects / Neotrop.
Carica. / Cylicomorpha / Brassicales / 2 / 2 / + / insects / trop. Afr.
Carica. / Horovitzia / Brassicales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / Neotrop.
Carica. / Jacaratia / Brassicales / 7 / 7 / + / insects / Neotrop.
Carica. / Jarilla / Brassicales / 3 / 3 / ++ / insects / Mexico
Carica. / Vasconcellea / Brassicales / 20 / 19 / One sp. monoecious / + / insects / Neotrop.
Caryophylla. / Honkenya / Caryophyll. / 1 / 1 / + / variable; insects / circumpolar
Caryophylla. / Ledenbergia / Caryophyll. / 2 / 1 / Fls. bisexual / + / insects / neotrop.
Caryophylla. / Paronychia / Caryophyll. / 25 / 1 / Gynodio? / + / insects / USA, Florida
Caryophylla. / Philippiella / Caryophyll. / 1 / 1 / + / insects / Patagonia
Caryophylla. / Schiedea / Caryophyll. / 18 / 3 / Fls. bisexual, gynodio; Willyard et al. 2011, S. Weller, pers. comm., 2014 / ++ / insects / Hawaii
Caryophylla. / Silene / Caryophyll. / 600 / 10 / Fls. bisexual, gynomon., gynodio. / + / insects / N temp.
Casuarina. / Allocasuarina / Fagales / 59 / 30 / Monoecious / + / wind / Austr.
Casuarina. / Casurina / Fagales / 17 / 10 / Monoecious, Y 25 / + / wind / Malesia, Austr.
Casuarina. / Ceuthostoma / Fagales / 2 / 2 / + / wind / Malesia
Casuarina. / Gymnostoma / Fagales / 18 / 9 / Monoecious / + / wind / Malesia, New Cal. etc.
Celastra. / Cassine / Celastrales / 40 / 40 / + / insects / pantrop.
Celastra. / Empleuridium / Celastrales / 1 / 1 / + / S Afr.
Celastra. / Maytenus / Celastrales / 225 / 50 / Fls. bisexual, mon. or dio. / + / insects / pantrop. to warm
Celastra. / Microtropis / Celastrales / 70 / 70 / Rarely polygamodio. / + / amphipacific
Celastra. / Otherodendron / Celastrales / 8 / 7 / Dio. or rarely polygamodio. / - / Taiwan, Japan
Celastra. / Schaefferia / Celastrales / 16 / 2 / + / insects / neotrop., S USA
Celastra. / Tetrasiphon / Celastrales / 1 / 1 / - / Jamaica
Centroplaca. / Centroplacus / Malpighiales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / W Afr.
Cercidiphylla. / Cercidiphyllum / Saxifragales / 2 / 2 / + / wind / China & Japan
Cervantesia. / Scleropyrum / Santalales / 6 / 1 / Fls. bisexual, polygamous, polygamodio. / + / Indomal.
Chlorantha. / Ascarina / Chloranthales / 12 / 11 / Monoecious / + / wind / Malaysia, NZ, Madags.
Chlorantha. / Hedyosmum / Chloranthales / 47 / 42 / Monoecious / + / wind / neotrop., SE As.
Clusia. / Allanblackia / Malpighiales / 10 / 1 / + / insects / trop. Afr.
Clusia. / Clusia / Malpighiales / 240 / 250 / Rarely polygamous, e.g., C. nemorosa / + / insects / neotrop.
Clusia. / Garcinia / Malpighiales / 200 / 10 / Fls. bisexual or polygamodio. / + / insects / trop. OW incl. Madagas.
Clusia. / Havetia / Malpighiales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / neotrop.
Clusia. / Havetiopsis / Malpighiales / 5 / 5 / + / insects / neotrop.
Clusia. / Oedematopus / Malpighiales / 10 / 10 / + / insects / neotrop.
Clusia. / Pilosperma / Malpighiales / 2 / 2 / - / insects / neotrop.
Clusia. / Quapoya / Malpighiales / 5 / 5 / + / insects / neotrop.
Clusia. / Tovomita / Malpighiales / 20 / 20 / Dioecious or polygamous / + / insects / neotrop.
Clusia. / Tovomitopsis / Malpighiales / 50 / 40 / dioecious or polygamous / + / insects / neotrop.
Colchica. / Wurmbea / Liliales / 50 / 20? / Gynodio rare / + / insects / Afr. (20 spp.) Austr. (30 spp.)
Corna. / Cornus / Cornales / 55 / 1 / Bisexual, Xiang et al. 2011 / + / insects / Dio. African C. volkensii
Crassula. / Sedum / Saxifragales / 600 / 10 / Species in section Rhodiola dio. or polygamous / + / insects / N temp., trop. mts.
Cucurbita. / Abobra / Cucurbitales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / temp.
Cucurbita. / Acanthosicyos / Cucurbitales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / trop. Afr.
Cucurbita. / Alsomitra / Cucurbitales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / SE Asia
Cucurbita. / Anisosperma / Cucurbitales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / Brazil
Cucurbita. / Apodanthera / Cucurbitales / 16 / 12 / Monoecious / + / insects / neotrop.
Cucurbita. / Baijiania / Cucurbitales / 5 / 5 / + / insects / SE Asia
Cucurbita. / Bambekea / Cucurbitales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / Africa
Cucurbita. / Bayabusua / Cucurbitales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / SE Asia
Cucurbita. / Borneosicyos / Cucurbitales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / SE Asia
Cucurbita. / Bryonia / Cucurbitales / 10 / 5 / Monoecious
Volz & Renner 2008 / ++ / insects / Euras.
Cucurbita. / Cayaponia / Cucurbitales / 60 / 5 / Monoecious / + / insects / neotrop.
Cucurbita. / Cephalopentandra / Cucurbitales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / Africa
Cucurbita. / Citrullus / Cucurbitales / 7 / 2 / + / insects / neotrop.
Cucurbita. / Coccinia / Cucurbitales / 27 / 27 / Holstein & Renner 2011 / + / insects / trop. Afr.
Cucurbita. / Cogniauxia / Cucurbitales / 2 / 2 / + / insects / trop. Afr.
Cucurbita. / Ctenolepis / Cucurbitales / 1 / 1 / Monoecious / + / insects / Madagascar
Cucurbita. / Cucumis / Cucurbitales / 66 / 25? / Monoecious / + / insects / OW trop.
Cucurbita. / Cucurbitella / Cucurbitales / 1 / 1 / Occ. monoecious / + / insects / Neotrop.
Cucurbita. / Cyclantheropsis / Cucurbitales / 3 / 3 / + / insects / Africa, Madagascar
Cucurbita. / Dactyliandra / Cucurbitales / 2 / 1 / Monoecious / + / insects / Africa
Cucurbita. / Dieterlea / Cucurbitales / 3 / 3 / + / insects / neotrop.
Cucurbita. / Doyerea / Cucurbitales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / neotrop.
Cucurbita. / Ecballium / Cucurbitales / 1 / 1 / Monoecious / + / insects / Medit.
Cucurbita. / Eureiandra / Cucurbitales / 8 / 8 / + / insects / trop. Afr.
Cucurbita. / Fevillea / Cucurbitales / 9 / 9 / + / insects / neotrop.
Cucurbita. / Gerrardanthus / Cucurbitales / 4 / 1 / Monoecious / + / insects / trop. Afr.
Cucurbita. / Gomphogyne / Cucurbitales / 2 / 2 / + / insects / SE Asia
Cucurbita. / Gynostemma / Cucurbitales / 5 / 5 / + / insects / SE As.
Cucurbita. / Halosicyos / Cucurbitales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / Neotrop.
Cucurbita. / Hemsleya / Cucurbitales / 30 / 30 / + / insects / E As.
Cucurbita. / Herpetospermum / Cucurbitales / 3 / 3 / + / insects / Himalaya
Cucurbita. / Hodgsonia / Cucurbitales / 2 / 2 / + / insects / Indomal.
Cucurbita. / Ibervillea / Cucurbitales / 8 / 8 / + / insects / USA
Cucurbita. / Indofevillea / Cucurbitales / 2 / 2 / + / insects / SE Asia
Cucurbita. / Kedrostis / Cucurbitales / 20 / 10 / Monoecious / + / insects / OW trop.
Cucurbita. / Linnaeosicyos / Cucurbitales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / Neotrop.
Cucurbita. / Luffa / Cucurbitales / 8 / 1 / Monoecious
Filipowicz et al. 2014 / ++ / insects / pantrop.
Cucurbita. / Melothrianthus / Cucurbitales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / New World
Cucurbita. / Momordica / Cucurbitales / 60 / 36 / Monoecious Schaefer & Renner 2010 / ++ / insects / OW trop.
Cucurbita. / Neoalsomitra / Cucurbitales / 12 / 10 / Monoecious / + / insects / SE Asia
Cucurbita. / Nothoalsomitra / Cucurbitales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / Australia
Cucurbita. / Peponium / Cucurbitales / 20 / 20 / + / insects / Africa
Cucurbita. / Ruthalicia / Cucurbitales / 2 / 2 / + / insects / Africa
Cucurbita. / Schizopepon / Cucurbitales / 7 / 3 / Monoecious / + / insects / Indomal.
Cucurbita. / Seyrigia / Cucurbitales / 6 / 6 / + / insects / Madagascar
Cucurbita. / Sicydium / Cucurbitales / 7 / 7 / + / insects / neotrop.
Cucurbita. / Siolmatra / Cucurbitales / 2 / 2 / + / insects / neotrop.
Cucurbita. / Solena / Cucurbitales / 3 / 2 / Monoecious / + / insects / SE Asia
Cucurbita. / Tecunumania / Cucurbitales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / Neotrop.
Cucurbita. / Telfairia / Cucurbitales / 3 / 3 / + / insects / pantrop.
Cucurbita. / Thladiantha / Cucurbitales / 10 / 10 / + / insects / Afr., SE As.
Cucurbita. / Trichosanthes / Cucurbitales / 100 / 90 / Monoecious / + / insects / Indomal.
Cucurbita. / Tricyclandra / Cucurbitales / 2 / 2 / + / insects / Madagascar
Cucurbita. / Trochomeria / Cucurbitales / 8 / 8 / + / insects / Afr.
Cucurbita. / Trochomeriopsis / Cucurbitales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / Madagas.
Cucurbita. / Wilbrandia / Cucurbitales / 5 / 2 / Monoecious / + / insects / neotrop.
Cucurbita. / Zanonia / Cucurbitales / 1 / 1 / + / insects / Indomal.
Cucurbita. / Zehneria / Cucurbitales / 60 / 30 / Monoecious / + / insects / OW tropics
Cunonia. / Caldcluvia / Oxalidales / 11 / 1 / polygamous or gynodio. f. Trees of NZ 1980 / + / wind / Chile (1), NZ (1), trop. Austr. (2), Mal., New Guinea 6
Cunonia. / Pancheria / Oxalidales / 26 / 11 / + / insects / New Cal.
Cunonia. / Vessellowskya / Oxalidales / 1 / 1 / - / wind / New S Wales
Cymodocea. / Amphibolis / Alismatales / 2 / 2 / + / water / Austr. coasts
Cymodocea. / Cymodocea / Alismatales / 4 / 4 / + / water / Afr. & Canary isl. coasts
Cymodocea. / Halodule / Alismatales / 6 / 6 / + / water / trop. seas