Bio 104 Lecture Outline Course Lecturers

Bio 104 Lecture Outline Course Lecturers:

Chapters 14, 15, 16L. Falkow / R. Smith

1/07

The Cardiovascular System

Blood: Introduction (Chapter 14)

A. Characteristics of Blood

1. Blood Volume

2. Blood Composition

a. Blood Cells

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

b. Plasma

3. Origin of Blood Cells

B. Red Blood Cells

1. Characteristics

-oxyhemoglobin

-deoxyhemoglobin

2. Red Blood Cell Counts

4.6 – 6.2

4.2. – 5.4

reflects blood’s ______

3. Red Blood Cell Production

low blood oxygen  ______

 RBC production

vitamin B12, folic acid, Fe are necessary

Dietary Factors Affecting RBC Production

4. Life Cycle of RBC

lifespan
worn out RBCs destroyed by

Hb  heme and globin

5. Anemia

Def. =

C. White Blood Cells

1. Functions & Types

diapedesis

positive chemotaxis

granulocytes

agranulocytes

2. White Blood Cell Counts

5, 000 - 10,000

leukopenia

leukocytosis

differential WBC count

GranulocytesAgranulocytes

Neutrophils (segs, PMNs, bands)Monocytes

EosinophilsLymphocytes

Basophils

D. Platelets

- cell fragments

-130,000 - 360,000

- helps control ______

Plasma

A. Characteristics

B. Plasma Proteins

C. Gases and Nutrients

GasesNutrients

D. Nonprotein Nitrogenous Substances

Urea -

Uric acid -

Amino acids –

Creatine –

Creatinine –

BUN –

E. Plasma Electrolytes

Absorbed from the ______or released as

by-products of ______

sodium, chloride
calcium
magnesium

bicarbonate
phosphate
sulfate

Hemostasis

Blood Vessel Spasm

Platelet Plug Formation

Blood Coagulation

Coagulation

- causes the formation of a blood clot via ______

-occurs extrinsically (______)

or intrinsically (______)

Anitgens and Antibodies

Agglutination –

Antigen –

Antibody –

ABO Blood Groups

Based on presence or absence of ______

Rh Blood Group

Rh positive

Rh negative

Erythroblastosis fetalis

-mother if Rh neg.; baby is Rh pos.

-if mother is exposed to ______blood,

she will form anti-Rh antibodies

-problem arises in 2nd pregnancy

-1970’s Rho-Gam

Introduction & Overview of CV System (Chapter 15)

_____ liters of blood

______miles of vessels

Pulmonary circuit :

Systemic circuit:

Coronary circulation:

Arteries

Capillaries

Veins

Anatomy of the Heart

A. Size & Location



between ______and ______

medial to ______

base at ______

apex at ______

lies on diaphragm

B. Pericardium

1. fibrous pericardium

2. serous pericardium

parietal pericardium

[pericardial cavity]

visceral pericardium

3. Disorders

pericarditis

cardiac tamponade

C. Heart Wall

1. Epicardium

2. Myocardium

3. Endocardium

D. Heart Chambers

Right AtriumLeft Atrium

Right VentricleLeft Ventricle

E. Heart Valves

Tricuspid

Pulmonary ______

Mitral

Aortic ______

F. Path of Blood Through the Heart

1. Right Atrium

SVC

IVC

Coronary sinus

< Right atrioventricular (AV) valve>

2. Right Ventricle

chordae tendinae

papillary muscles

Pulmonary Semilunar valve>  ______

 LUNGS  ______

Pulmonary veins -

3. Left Atrium

<Left Atrioventricular (AV) valve>

4. Left Ventricle

 ascending aorta

openings to coronary arteries

G. Blood Supply to Heart (Coronary Circulation)

1. Right coronary artery

└> marginal branch

└> posterior interventricular branch

(post. descending artery)

2. Left coronary artery

└> circumflex branch

└> anterior interventricular branch

(left anterior descending artery)

3. Coronary veins

great cardiac vein

└> coronary sinus  ______

Heart Actions

Systole =

Diastole =

A. Cardiac Cycle

Atrial systole/ Ventricular diastole

Ventricular systole/ atrial diastole

B. Heart Sounds

Lubb

Dupp

Murmur –

Mitral valve prolapse

C. Cardiac Muscle Fibers

- form a functional syncytium (= )

atrial syncytium

ventricular syncytium

D. Cardiac Conduction System

Conducting system includes:

Nodal tissue

S-A (sinoatrial) node

Atrial synctium

Junctional fibers

A-V (atrioventricular) node

AV bundle (of His)

Bundle branches

Purkinje fibers

Ventricular syncytium

E. Electrocardiogram (ECG)

P wave -

QRS wave-

T wave -

Prolonged QRS complex

Arrhythmias:

Fibrillation

Atrial flutter

Tachycardia >100bpm

Bradycardia < 60bpm

F. Cardiac Cycle

1. Consists of:

systole –

diastole –

2. Average heartrate:

G. Regulation of Cardiac Cycle

1. ANS affects activities of ______

2. Other Factors that influence HR

- ion conc. ( )

PSN impulses

SNS impulses

Cardiac center ______regulates heart

BLOOD VESSELS

Arteries

Arterioles

Capillaries

Venules

Veins

A. Blood Vessel Anatomy

1. 3 basic layers

a. tunica interna (intima)

b. tunica media

c. tunica externa (adventitia)

2. Artery

3. Arterioles

Metarterioles

4. Capillaries

Regulation of Capillary Blood Flow

Precapillary sphincters

Exchange in the Capillaries

Arterial end –

Venous end

Substances move in and out

Opposing pressures:

Hydrostatic pressure (BP )

Osmotic pressure

5. Venules

6. Veins

Blood Pressure

- force exerted against wall of vessel

A. Arterial BP

120  80 mmHg

Systolic/diastolic

Pulse =

B. Factors that affect BP

Blood volume

Cardiac Output

CO = HR x SV

Viscosity

C. Control of BP

BP rises  baroreceoptors (located in ______and

______) stimulated

 Cardiac center (located in ______)

 PSN impulses to ______ HR ______ BP back to normal

D. Venous Blood Flow

Depends on:

Selected Blood Vessels

A. Pulmonary circulation

Pulmonary arteries

Pulmonary veins

B. Systemic Circulation

1. Aorta

Ascending aorta:

 right & left coronary arteries

Aortic arch:

1)

2)

3)

Descending aorta

2. Hepatic portal circulation

- inferior mesenteric vein - splenic vein

- superior mesenteric vein

Splenic v. & superior mesenteric v. join to form

hepatic portal vein --> liver

Life-Span Changes

Lymphatic System

B. Lymph vessels

C. Lymph tissues

Tonsils

Lymph nodes

Thymus

Spleen

Aggregate lymphoid nodules

Appendix